 | An Armenian Jew, Ellis Is. immigrant, c. 1926. "Variety of American National Origins." Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 5. 11.2.2 |
 | An Asian man. "Variety of American National Origins." Copyright Oakland Museum, History Division, 1000 Oak St, Oakland, CA 94607. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 3. Our thanks to The Oakland Museum. 11.2.2 |
 | Italian steel worker, c. 1907-10. "Variety of American National Origins." Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 1. 11.2.2 |
 | A girl in a straw hat. "Variety of American National Origins." Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 4. 11.2.2 |
 | A man with a moustache - a Latin? a Hindu? "Variety of American National Origins." Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 6. 11.2.2 |
 | A Czecho-Slovak grandmother at Ellis Island, 1926. "Variety of American National Origins." Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 8. 11.2.2 |
 | A Finnish stowaway detained at Ellis Island, 1926. "Variety of American National Origins." Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 9. 11.2.2 |
 | A middle-aged woman. Southern European? "Variety of American National Origins." Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 2. 11.2.2 |
 | Public School 123, Brooklyn, May 5, 1905. Arbor Day. Part of the effort to make a community out of diverse peoples, waves of immigrants. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 454. New York Historical Society. 11.2.3 |
 | Virginia Day Nursery, 623 Fifth Street, New York City, 1905. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 454. 11.2.9 |
 | Anti-Semitic cartoon on American theater. "Theatrical Season of 2001," 1915. Jews were charged with taking over the theater, poisoning American values, lowering the moral tone, importing lascivious Parisian plays, etc...and Jews were not interested in art with a capital A, only in profit from low entertainment. Jews did control many bookings, in a kind of burst by the American born. The Yiddish theater was owned by different managers and played to different audiences. Life Magazine, July 15, 1915. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 11.3.3 |
 | "Americans All." 1916. Uncle Sam is shown reviewing a line-up of ethnic and racial stereotypes dressed, like him, in patriotic, star-bedecked, striped clothes. The German-American is conspicuous by his absence. World War I. Life Magazine, Feb. 24, 1916. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1973. 11.2.3 |
| "A one-room school for scholars of all ages, 1910." Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 275. 11.2.9 |
| Children playing in a schoolyard in New York City, early 20th century. Copyright holder unknown. Henry St. Settlement, 265 Henry St, New York, NY 10002. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 277. 11.2.9 |
| Lillian Wald, Alfred E. Smith and Mrs. James D. Roosevelt, mother of the President, 1934. Copyright holder unknown. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 278. 11.2.9, 11.6.4 |
| Yiddish music sheet of an American patriotic song. Yivo Institute for Jewish Research, 15 West 16th St, New York, NY 10011-6301. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 15. 11.2.3 |
| Americanization procedures. Children saluting the flag held by a fellow pupil stand at attention in a New York industrial school in 1892. All across America, schools took an active part in the Americanization process. The process was far from painless. It drove a wedge between the generations and undermined the immigrant communities. Immigrant parents watched with mingled pride and dismay as their children discarded the tongue of their fathers, questioned the tenets of their ancestral faith, and fought their way up, spurning the sweatshop wages for which their fathers had toiled. The harsh atmosphere of the new country seemed to indicate that the best chance for survival was through association with immigrants from one's native land or village. But the children were more flexible. Byron Collection. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, The Life History of the United States, 1974, Vol. 8. p. 79. 11.2.3 |
 | Thomas Taggart, Irish-born mayor of Indianapolis, 1895-1901. Indiana Historical Society, 450 West Ohio St, Indianapolis, IN 46202. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of The American People, 1971, p. 184. 11.2.9 |
| William Grace, the first Irish Catholic mayor of New York City, 1880. Copyright Culver Pictures, 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of The American People, 1971, p. 184. 11.2.9 |
| A prosperous Dubliner looking to return to Ireland. OUTWARD BOUND? Cartoon. Arnold Collection. Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of The American People, 1971, p. 119. 8.12.5 |
| Ernestine Schumann-Heink, opera singer. Although born in Austria-Hungary, she comes on as 100% American at a bond rally during World War I. Copyright Corbis Corp., 710 Second Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98104. All rights reserved. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, This Fabulous Century, 1910-20, 1970, Vol. II, p. 217. 11.2.3 |
| American flags flying in New York City's Chinatown, c. 1912. SEE IT Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of The American People, 1971, p. 216. 11.2.3 |
 | Hugh O' Brien, Boston's first Irish mayor, 1885. Engraving. Culver Pictures, 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of The American People, 1971, p. 184. 11.2.9 |
| A home economics class for immigrant children in New York City, 1890. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 149. 11.2.9 |
| Playground of Henry Street Settlement, 1898. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 154. 11.2.9 |
| Adult naturalization class for future American citizens. n.d. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of The American People, 1971, p. 253. 11.2.3, 11.2.9 |
| Members of an American Bible Society distribute Bibles among newly arrived Polish immigrants at Ellis Island, about 1900. Copyright Brown Bros, 100 Bortree Road, P.O. Box 50, Sterling, PA, 18463-0050. All rights reserved. In Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, 1971, p. 15. 11.3.4 |
| YMCA English class for Pittsburgh steelworkers, 1913. Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, 4400 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 7, 1971, p. 80. 11.2.3 |
| Essex Market School, 1890. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 147. 11.2.9 |
| A manual training class for immigrant children in New York City, 1890. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 148. 11.2.9 |
 | Swearing in a new citizen, New York, 1910. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-DIG-ggbain-04470. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 7, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 3. 11.2.3 |
 | "If the agitators get him, who's to blame?" This 1920 cartoon echoes warnings about the isolation of the immigrant. Culver Pictures, 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 7, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 73. 11.6.5 |
| On the tenement circuit in the Jewish section, a Henry St. Settlement nurse makes her rounds over the rooftops in order to save miles of stair-climbing. The settlements developed their own social welfare programs. Survey Magazine, 1914. In Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962, after p. 208. 11.2.9 |
 | A gypsy boy plays caroms at the Hull House Boys' Club. 1900? Copyright holder unknown. Wallace Kirkland photo. Wallace Kirkland Collection, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1750 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60612. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 177. 11.2.9 |
 | An Italian woman demonstrates use of the spinning wheel in the Hull House Labor Museum. Copyright holder unknown. Wallace Kirkland photo. Wallace Kirkland Collection, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1750 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60612. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 177. 11.2.9 |
 | Members of the Hull House staff at dinner, about 1930. The staff was made up of many talented and well-known volunteers from diverse professions who gave their time to classes and activities at the center. Copyright holder unknown. Wallace Kirkland photo. Wallace Kirkland Collection, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1750 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60612. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 177. 11.2.9 |
 | Children in a nursery school class at Hull House, c. 1889. Copyright holder unknown. Wallace Kirkland photo. Wallace Kirkland Collection, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1750 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60612. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 176. 11.2.9 |
 | Immigrant children in a New York industrial school, about 1900. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 261. 11.2.9 |
| Immigrant children pose as "Citizens of Tomorrow" in a parade in Chicago, 1921. The children were from the University of Chicago Settlement House. Copyright holder unknown. Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 219. 11.2.3 |
 | Jane Addams, the co-founder of Hull House in Chicago, with a child, c. 1934. Photographic portrait. Copyright holder unknown. Wallace Kirkland photo. Wallace Kirkland Collection, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1750 W Polk St, Chicago, IL 60612. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 176. 11.2.9 |
| An Americanization class in Washington State, about 1914. Copyright holder unknown. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 7, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 62. 11.2.3 |
“I can always rely on the History Project as a place to go and be treated as a professional. As a participant I benefit from the curriculum provided that I can use directly in my classroom. I increase my understanding of the subject matter with lectures from and interaction college professors. And I am continually challenged to produce lessons of my own based on my research. I am more thoughtful in planning - integrating new strategies each year to improve my students' learning. My students benefit because of the strategies that I am able to incorporate into my teaching and by the specific knowledge that I receive. My students also benefit because I return to school each year invigorated and rejuvenated.”
Jessica Williams
Teacher
Winters High School, Winters USD