 | Ripley's racial "types". French types. Six photos: Top two, Teutonic type: Cotentin, Normandy, blond, Index 79 (cephalic index). Alpine type: Landes, brunet, Index 90. Mediterranean types: Lodeve, Montpellier, Index 76. The cephalic index is the breadth of the head above the ears expressed in the percentage of its length from forehead to back. Assuming that this length is 100, the width is expressed as a fraction of it. As the head becomes proportionately broader, more fully rounded, the cephalic index increases. Narrow = good, broad = bad. See also IM-F-85 and 86 for details. William Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, New York: Appleton, 1923 (c. 1899), p. 136. 11.5.2 |
 | Map of Cephalic index of eastern Europe. Narrow heads ("superior") in Sweden, near Baltic, and broader ("inferior") in Bosnia, Serbia and White Russia. See also IM-F-85 and 87 for details. William Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, New York: Appleton, 1923 (c. 1899), following p. 340. 11.5.2 |
 | Cephalic index of Europe: the darker area shows broad heads, up to 87-89; lighter area, with spots and lines, is narrow heads, 75-79. Ripley divided Europeans into three "races": 1. Teutonic, the northern race, long-skulled, tall, with pale eyes and skin 2. Mediterranean, the southern race, long-skulled, short, with dark eyes and skin and 3. Alpine, the central race, round-skulled, stocky, with intermediate eye and skin color. See also IM-F-86 and 87 for details.
William Z. Ripley, The Races of Europe, New York: Appleton, 1923 (c. 1899), p. 52 ff. 11.5.2 |
 | "Riot at Hoboken, May 1, 1851." German immigrants battled nativists. The Germans, all from New York City, rented a cricket ground near Hoboken for the May Day celebrations and were attacked by a nativist gang from New York called the "Short Boys." A bloody street battle followed. Gleason's Pictorial Drawing Room Companion, 1851. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 24. 8.12.5 |
 | "Present Distribution of European Races (generalized scheme) by Madison Grant." 1916. Shows Nordics in pink, Alpines in green, Mediterraneans in yellow, and crosses for the "Cro-Magnon area" in southwestern France. "As an avid eugenicist, Grant...advocated the separation, quarantine, and eventual collapse of 'undesirable' traits and 'worthless race types' from the human gene pool and the promotion, spread, and eventual restoration of desirable 'traits' and 'worthwhile race types' conducive to Nordic society..." (from Wikipedia) Madison Grant, "The Passing of the Great Race, or The Racial Basis of European History," reprint New York: Arno Press, 1970 (c. 1916), p. 220 ff. 11.5.2 |
 | "Simian Irishman," "St. Patrick's Day, 1867...Rum, Blood, The Day We Celebrate." 1867. A brutal attack on the police in an Irish riot, shows policemen down, being beaten by Irishmen with simian faces. Thomas Nast cartoon. Harper's Weekly, April 6, 1867. In Dale T. Knobel, Paddy and the Republic, Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1986, p. 157 facing. 8.12.5 |
 | Anti-Irish cartoon of contrasted faces, ethnic caricatures. 1866. On the left, Florence Nightingale; on the right, Bridget McBruiser. Quotation, "'Look on this picture, and then on that.' - Shakespeare." James Redfield, "New Physiognomy, or Signs of Character," New York, 1866. In Dale T. Knobel, Paddy and the Republic, Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan Univ. Press, 1986, following p. 156. 8.12.5 |
 | "Free Trade Lunch." The scene is the American Free Trade Lunch Room. 1888. Caption: "Grover Cleveland [bartender] proposes to make a Free Lunch of the American Workingman's Bread and Cheese, for the benefit of European Pauper Laborers." The following ethnics throng around the table and some of them beat back the American laborer as he tries to enter the room to get his share of the free lunch: an English mechanic, English pauper laborer, Mexican, Canadian, Russian, and Italian with a ring in his ear. Bernard Gillam cartoon. Judge, July 28, 1888. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.5 |
 | "Il Libro dell' Emigrante...per imparare La Lingua Inglese [The Book of the Immigrant...for Learning English]," 1880. Two scenes: Il Arrivo and Il Rimpatrio, before and after stages of a success story of which education was the key. On the front cover the shabbily dressed immigrant is seen arriving with all his possessions in a carpet bag. On the back, bowler-hatted and prosperous, he departs for his native country, while a porter struggles under the weight of his trunk. The American Museum in Britain, Claverton Manor, Bath, BA2 7BD England, UK. In Daniel J. Boorstin, ed., American Civilization, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1972, pp. 180-1. 8.12.5 |
 | "The New Uncle Sam [as pawnbroker]." 1891. Anti-Semitic cartoon. Sign: "Your Uncle Sam will advance money on crops and make loans to farmers without interest. Free transportation, and all the greenbacks you wish; 2 per cent on mortgages on your farm; government storehouse provided..." The cartoon represents the farm lobby, especially Greenbackers and populists, for government relief and assistance. Judge magazine(a Republican organ) sees these as hayseeds' harebrained, socialist schemes. Depicts a combination "Uncle-Shylock-Uncle-Sam." "I've got to see my uncle" became a euphemism for "I have to pawn something at the [Jewish] pawnbroker's." Bernard Gillam cartoon. Judge, Jan. 17, 1891. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 11.3.3 |
 | "The Last American in Captivity." A side show barker, next to a sign with above message, points to "The Last American in Captivity." Verses: "In their United States/In nineteen seventy-five/Crowds swarmed like bees 'round a hive/To see in a tent/An American gent/The very last Yankee alive." Fear of being engulfed by "them." Shows the change in the meaning of the term "Yankee," which earlier had meant any northerner. 1922. James Montgomery Flagg cartoon. Life, Jan. 12, 1922. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 11.5.2 |
 | "The Black Hand." 1909. A member of the Black Hand, gun in hand, is standing over his bleeding, prostrate victim. The murderer thumbs his nose at Uncle Sam, who is dressed as a policeman, asleep on the beat. Quotes Vecoli. The perpetration of Black Hand crimes in the "Little Italies" of New Jersey confirmed many in the belief that the Italian was a sinister, dangerous character. Certainly a ruthless criminal element did use terroristic methods to extort money from the immigrant, but Americans often failed to distinguish between the Black Handers and their victims. Life, April 1909. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.5 |
| "German Offensive." 1915. A caricature of a German American with a large can of (sauer)Kraut, scorned by fellow passengers in a streetcar. The typical German American in Life Magazine was pictured as short, fat and pig-faced, sometimes with heavy glasses. Illustrates the tendency of stereotypes to show the immigrant or Southern Negro migrant dressed as he might have dressed in his old surroundings. Life, April 8, 1915. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 11.4.5 |
| "Hints for the Jews - Several Ways of Getting to Manhattan Beach." Evidently the property of a guest facility, to deny charge of outright discrimination...had said something to the effect that "white" Jews - those with approved manners, pedigrees, or checkbooks - would be allowed. Cartoon presents the idea that Jews might wish to enter the forbidden pleasure grounds in various disguises and under various ruses; some arrive via balloon; some enter as members of a German band; some divest themselves of the physical attributes of their "race." One of these has his hair straightened by a special machine; another is about to insert his nose in a device carrying the sign, "Parabolic noses must be trimmed down to Christian style." It is clear here that by the mid-1860s the process of social exclusion is in place and that anti-Semitism is more open. Puck, July 30, 1879. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 11.3.3 |
| "The History of the United States in Five Chapters." "1. The Indian Confronts Uncle Sam 2. Uncle Sam Kicks the Indian off the Cliff 3. The Jew Peeps Up Behind the Rock 4. The Jew Kicks Uncle Sam off the Cliff 5. The Jew in Possession." Presents the idea that Jews were taking over the country, a response to the increase of Jews in New York City. Life Magazine called it "Jew-York." 1909. Concern about the take-over of the country. Life, Nov. 11, 1909. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 11.3.3 |
| Cartoon, "Columbia's Unwelcome Guests." Liberty Hall. A woman with a dress made from a flag holds dogs with chains; their collars read "Law" and "Order." They are growling at immigrants coming in from Italy, Russia and Germany, climbing over the wall. One has the word "Nihilist" on his cap and carries a scroll reading "Liberty to break the law; freedom from justice." Another has "black hand" on his belt, with a pistol and dagger underneath. The third has a satchel labelled "Dynamiter." Others have belts reading "communist" and "socialist." Judge Magazine, c. 1905(?) In Mary and Gordon Campbell, The Pen, Not the Sword, Aurora Publishers, Inc., Nashville, 1970. 8.12.6 |
| "Salon de Tammany - We Are the 400....The Rising Irish, Maggie and Jiggs," supposed to have been inspired by a play dealing with a similar subject. The figure in the foreground may represent a German American politician, pointing to the growing alliance in urban politics between Irish American and other ethnic groups. Note the German text. Puck appeared in English and German editions, with identical lithographs in each edition. George McManus' comic strip. Puck, June 7, 1883. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.7 |
| "Hereditary Types: Mister Cohen, Mrs. Cohen, nee O'Rourke, Master Cohen…" The theme of marriage between Jew and non-Jew, especially Irish Catholic, was often depicted on stage, in popular songs and cartoons, a trend whose climax was the Broadway success of "Abie's Irish Rose" in the early 1920s. Judge, Jan. 1895. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 11.3.3 |
 | "Everybody Works But Father," 1905, postcard. Image of Irishman rocking at home while family does wash to earn the family's income; the general condition and image of working-class families are more women and children employed in factories and home industries. Also a song title. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.7 |
 | Cartoon, "American Gold…in the United States - Working for It; in Ireland - Waiting for It." 1882. Inserts at top: Irish woman bending over washtub; Irishmen collecting for "agitation and disturbance fund." Large panels depict typical Irish-American occupations: day laborers, hod carriers and brick layers. The Irish scene shows a ship bringing remittances and relief to the starving, improvident Irish. Puck, May 1882. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.6 |
 | Cartoon of Irish maid, "Bridget...Our Self-Made Cooks - From Paupers to Potentates....They are Evicted in the Old Country, But in America They Do All the Evicting Themselves." Drawn by Frederick Opper around 1884, then reprinted in a special number of Puck's Library devoted to "Help." It made fun of the American middle- and upper-class housewife's continuing effort to train and retain and keep in her place "Bridget," the Irish maid. In the left panel, a barefooted, poverty-stricken Irish girl and a waiting official with eviction orders. In the right panel, the same girl, now in the U.S., hired out as a "cook," with a complete lack of knowledge of an up-to-date household, but the Queen of an American kitchen, taking advantage of her new position. Puck's Library, July 1888. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.6 |
 | "Mutual: Both are glad there are bars between 'em." An Irishman looks at an ape in a cage. 1891. Every country in Europe had its equivalent of "white Negroes" and simianized men, whether they happened to be stereotypes of criminals, assassins, political radicals, Jews, gypsies or peasants. See L. Perry Curtis, Jr., Apes and Angels. Judge, Nov. 7, 1891. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.5 |
 | "An Interesting Question: How long will it be before the Rats Own the Garden and the Man Gets Out?" Anti-new immigration cartoon: Uncle Sam lethargically puts up his feet in his garden, while the foreign "vermin" invade the premises. Rat faces in the foreground; stereotyped depictions of Jews, Russians, Italians and others from Southern and Eastern Europe. Life, June 22, 1893. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.5 |
 | "Uncle Sam's Troublesome Bedfellows." Bedfellows include a Mormon polygamist (on the floor); a Chinese (receiving a kick); an Indian (poking a finger in Uncle Sam's ear); a Negro; an Irishman (asleep with a whiskey bottle in his arms). 1879. The Wasp, a San Francisco weekly, Feb. 8, 1879. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.5 |
 | "Mormon Elder-Berry, out with his six-year-olds, who take after their mothers." Among the recognizable stereotypes are children representing Scottish, Indian, Chinese, Dutch, Negro and Jewish ancestry. Life, April 28, 1904. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 11.3.3 |
 | Redfield: Spaniards resemble cocks; Irish, dogs; in physiognomy one can "read" character, love of contest, love of triumph, and subserviency. The whole notion of "reading" a face goes back to the idea that there is an ideal human head. In Western society, the oval or egg-shaped head, derived from a Greek ideal of beauty, has usually governed. Redfield's comparative physiognomy, like sensitivity training in a later age, is suspect, with the air of charlatanism. James Redfield, "Comparative Physiognomy, or Resemblances Between Men and Animals," New York, 1852. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.5 |
 | Ad for celluloid collars, which will put pigtailed Chinese laundrymen out of business. The Chinese are shown in terror with their queues standing up, c. 1892. Trade card, 1880s. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana - Cosmetics Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Smithsonian Institution. In American Heritage, Feb. 1967, p. 63. 8.12.5 |
 | The one unmixable element in the national pot was the Irish. A female U.S. figure, ("Uncle Samantha"?) stirs various stereotypes of different nationalities into the American melting pot, in "The Mortar of Assimiliation," 1889. Cartoon. Duplicate of IM-F-42. Puck, June 26, 1889. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 175. 8.12.5 |
 | Miss Columbia's school. Hawaii: "Please, Ma'am, may I come in?" 1893. Columbia considers Hawaii's request; Canada is also in line. The student population takes advantage of her turned back by returning to their favorite, proscribed activities: Whites discomfit the Indian; a Southern ruffian prods the Negro child with a bayonet; Irish beat up Chinese; two Germans carry the red flag of socialism and the anarchist's bomb; Jew and non-Jew quarrel; a frightened Italian looks on (probably a reference to the lynching of several Italians in New Orleans in 1891); Mexican and Turk shoot dice in a corner. Note the implications of depicting the U.S. as a schoolhouse (who is in charge, who determines the curriculum, admittance). Judge, Feb. 18, 1893. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.5 |
 | "Evolution of the Anarchist." On the alleged tendency of "new" immigrants to carry the "germ" of anarchism and socialism, and to abuse the freedom of speech guaranteed by American law. The cartoon shows the result of the anti-anarchist climate created by the Haymarket Riot. The assassination of Pres. McKinley in 1901 led to a law excluding anarchists from immigration. A cartoon parody of immigrants at Castle Garden. Puck, May 11, 1887. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.6, 8.12.7 |
 | Ad, "The Magic Washer." Nativist response to cheap Chinese labor, 1886. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZC4-2045. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, American Manners and Morals, p. 243. 8.12.5 |
 | Double ad, Pond's Extract. Left, the Chinese were always laundrymen who had barely missed Mongolian idiocy (1880s?); and right, an Irish rover was always ready for a shillelagh free-for-all. Notice the bottle of whiskey. "Bound for Donnybrook Fair (Fully Equipped)," 1892. Trade cards, 1892. Warshaw Collection of Business Americana - Cosmetics Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Smithsonian Institution. In American Heritage, Feb. 1967, p. 63. 8.12.5 |
 | "Another Vote" depicts a bewhiskered immigrant walking up a boardwalk from the ocean and Statue of Liberty, bearing a huge red flag of anarchy. 1892. Politicians bow to him with hats off, holding out naturalization papers. The Anarchist carries dynamite on his back. The politician to the right looks slightly "Irish." Truth Magazine, New York, May 21, 1892. 8.12.5 |
 | "The Shame of America - John Chinaman as the Husband of our Girls." 1892. Vicious anti-Chinese cartoon: the Wooing, the Proposal, the Marriage, the American Wife Supports the Family, the Chinese Husband goes home and leaves her with the children. Holy Bible cast aside, opium smoking, etc. Truth Magazine, New York, May 21, 1892. 8.12.5 |
| Anti-Chinese attack: "Prejudice against immigrant labor found its first target in the Chinese. Here, a Denver mob in 1880 savagely beats Chinese workers and wrecks their homes." Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Nov. 20, 1880. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-27755. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Milton Meltzer, Bread and Roses - the Struggle of American Labor 1865-1915, Alfred A. Knopf, 1967, p. 99. 8.12.6 |
| "An anti-Chinese riot in Seattle, Washington," 1886. Harper's Weekly, Mar. 6, 1886. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 158. 8.12.5 |
| "An anti-Catholic riot in Philadelphia, 1844. The 'Native Americans' in the tall beaver hats attack the militia, which protects the Catholic church." New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 173. 11.3.3 |
| An anti-immigration pamphlet, 1885. The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 281. 8.12.5 |
 | "The threat of immigration to American culture," 1873. Public schools are threatened by Catholicism; and American children are forced to worship at strange altars. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 30, 1873. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 281. 11.3.3 |
 | "A Question of Labor." An anti-Irish immigration illustration, 1888. Harper's Weekly, Sept. 29, 1888. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 280. 8.12.6 |
 | "Taking a 'Smile'" satirized the Irish propensity for drink, 1854. Nathaniel Currier drawing. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In American Heritage, IX, 5, Aug. 1958, p. 25. 8.12.5 |
 | The Tweed Ring's "un-American" concessions to the Catholic church, New York. Political cartoon. 1871. Thomas Nast cartoon. Harper's Weekly, Sept. 30, 1871. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ6-790. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 173. 11.3.3 |
 | Fear of unrestricted immigration, 1860-69. Continuation of cartoon, IM-F-40. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-22399. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p.220. 8.12.5 |
 | The Irish as unmixable in the national pot, in "The Mortar of Assimiliation," 1889. Duplicate of IM-F-56. Puck, June 26, 1889. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 175. 8.12.5 |
 | Fear of unrestricted immigration, 1860-69. "The Great Fear of the Period." Cartoon. See also IM-F-41. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-22399. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 219. 8.12.5 |
 | The shadows of immigrant origins loom over restrictionist American plutocrats. Hypocrisy over immigration. J. Keppler cartoon. Puck Magazine, January 11, 1893. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 248. 8.12.5 |
 | Anti-Chinese advertisement for cleaning fluid implies that the US can get along without recourse to cheap Chinese labor. c. 1886. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZC4-2045. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, American Manners and Morals, 1969, p. 243. 8.12.5 |
 | A Catholic youth sticking out his tongue at a Jewish youth. Cartoon, 1870. Harper's Weekly, Feb. 26, 1870. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, American Manners and Morals, 1969, p. 242. 11.3.3 |
 | A common unflattering stereotype of Jews as possessing mercenary cunning or vulgar social-climbing. Here "Mr. Moses Lichtenstein" is aping the Four Hundred. 1889. Life Magazine, 1889. In John Higham, Strangers in the Land, New Jersey: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1955, after p. 210. 11.3.3 |
| Political maneuverings to get the immigrant vote. Immigrants shown as being of a low social order. 1858. Sketch. Harper's Weekly, 1858. In T. Harry Williams, A History of the United States, 1964, p. 465. 8.12.5 |
 | The gruesome lynching of Leo Frank, a Jewish pencil factory manager, in Atlanta, 1915. Drawing. Frank employed mostly girls; one of them was found murdered on the premises, and unsubstantiated rumors led to an accusation of Frank. Not overtly anti-Semitic at first, the trial developed into that when wealthy northern Jews stepped in to pay for Frank's defense, and locals objected. Frank was almost certainly innocent. The Masses, 1915. In John Higham, Strangers in the Land, New Jersey: Rutgers Univ. Press, 1955, after p. 210. 11.3.3 |
 | Cholera: "The Kind of 'Assisted Emigrant' We Cannot Afford to Admit." 1883. F. Graetz cartoon. Puck Magazine. In Mary and Gordon Campbell, The Pen, Not the Sword, Aurora Publishers, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, 1970. 8.12.5 |
 | "Spoiling the Broth!," a Gale cartoon of 1921. Culver Pictures, 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 8, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 31. 11.5.2 |
 | Desecration of a Jewish cemetery, c. 1945. Copyright holder unknown. PM photo. In Wallace Stegner and Look Magazine, One Nation, Boston: Houghton-Mifflin Co., 1945, p. 317. 11.3.3 |
 | "Columbia's Unwelcomed Guests." Caption on pillar: "The Constitution of the U.S. protects rich and poor alike. Anarchy is not liberty. Where a man's rights end, his neighbor's begin." Date unknown. Frank Beard cartoon. Judge Magazine. In Mary and Gordon Campbell, The Pen, Not the Sword, Aurora Publishers, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, 1970. 8.12.5 |
 | This woman represented the "Anglo-Saxon-Celtic type, with Saxon strain dominant" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 45. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Teutonic type, with recurrent Iberic strain" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 45. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Celtic-Anglo-Iberic, with Celtic strain dominant" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 45. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Scandinavian-Teutonic, with slight Semitic strain" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 45. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Celtic-Teutonic and composite American" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." See also AD-W-78. Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 44. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Composite American with dominant Anglo-Saxon strain," according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 44. 8.12.7 |
 | The common nativist view of Germans as constant drinkers. According to the artist, even their dogs and children drank. Caption on barrels and flag: "Lager." Lithographed cartoon. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 272. 8.12.5 |
 | Anti-Semitism: "Our peaceful rural districts as they are liable to be infested if this Russian exodus of the persecuted Hebrews continues much longer." c. 1900. Judge Magazine (Republican Party mouthpiece). In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 65. 11.3.3 |
 | These cartoons represented widely-held views of the activities of most Irish-Americans as corrupt, anarchistic, murdering, lazy beggars. 1881. F.B. Opper cartoon. Puck, Nov. 2, 1881. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-118124. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 184. 8.12.5 |
 | "The Usual Irish Way of Doing Things," a savage anti-Irish cartoon, 1871. Captions on walls: "Everything obnoxious to us shall be abolished, Our liberty has been taken away (killing Orangemen), We must rule." Caption on barrel: "Uncle Sam's Gun Powder." Thomas Nast cartoon. Harper's Weekly, Sept. 2, 1871. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 177. 8.12.5 |
 | "Parting with the wedding ring." Caricatures of Jews, such as this 1872 drawing of a pawnbroker and his apprehensive customer, often ran in newspapers of the time. Harper's Weekly, 1872. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 67. 8.12.5, 11.3.3 |
 | "The Black Hand. What can honest labor do to rid itself of this brute?" This 1884 cartoon reflects the spirit of the more moderate nativists like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who condemned illegal mob action in favor of more selective immigration controls. Captions on paper: "Socialism, Black Hand Society, To obtain our ends by any means." Captions on knives: "Assassination, Deceit, Murder." New York Daily Graphic, 1884. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 5, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 38. 8.12.4, 8.12.5 |
 | U.S. workers to Congressman: "You protect us against the importations of the productions of European pauper labor, but not against the importation of pauper labor itself!" Captions on buildings: "Cheap Steerage Rates, Number of Immigrants in Six Years 1881-86 inclusive 3,309,886!!" Caption on banner: "European Cheap Labor." The rich man near the immigrants is a smiling monopolist. 1887? In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 71. 8.12.5, 11.6.5 |
 | James M. Blair collecting Democratic votes by way of too-liberal immigration laws. Detail of Naturalization Mill," detail of IM-F-11. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol.4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 56. 8.12.5 |
 | "Naturalization Mill." Nativist view of immigration's results: race hatred, Ku Klux Klan strength and lynching. Detail of IM-F-11. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 56. 8.12.5 |
 | "Naturalization Mill." In the 19th century political power in the large eastern cities began to be controlled by political machines supported, for the most part, by the large immigrant population in the cities' poorer districts. The most powerful of these machines was New York's Tammany Hall. The voters needed to insure the party's tenure were created by "naturalization mills" presided over by faithful judges such as those attacked in this cartoon. Captions on machine: "Naturalization Mill, Judges McCunn & Sharswood Patent." Caption on sacks: "Democratic Voters, Naturalization mills." Details of close-up of top and bottom of IM-F-0, with judges and party hacks grinding immigrants into Democratic voters. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 56. 8.12.5, 11.6.5 |
 | "Hands off, gentlemen! America means fair play for all men." This 1871 cartoon shows the hatred directed toward the Chinese. The Irish, first in pursuit, had previously been the target of earlier immigrant groups. Captions on signs: "If our ballots will not stop them coming to our country, the bullet must!, Riots by 'Pure White' strikers, Europeans are the bulk of our 'American' pauperism." Thomas Nast cartoon. Harper's Weekly, Feb. 18, 1871. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-53346. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 83. 8.12.7 |
| "Outward-Bound (Dublin)," 1857. A poor Irishman contemplates passage to America at a time when anti-alien hostility is growing in the United States. Watercolor original for Currier & Ives lithograph. T.P.C. Haag cartoon. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 1. 8.6.3 |
 | "The New Comet - a phenomenon now visible in all parts of the United States," suggests the many American views of the influx of Chinese labor. 1870. Captions on the telescopes: "Capitalist, The Press, Politics, Workingman." Signs around the Capitalist telescope: "The country is large enough for all; We want servants, cooks, nurses; Come one, come all." Signs around the Press telescope: "The country is ours." Signs around the Politics telescope: "Vote for Democracy." Signs around the Workingman telescope: "We don't want cheap shoes; Down with capitalism; Must be resisted." Sign on Factory: "Closed by the Trade Union Rules." Thomas Nast cartoon. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 6, 1870. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 212. 8.12.7, 11.6.5 |
 | An anti-Irish cartoon, early 1880s. Puck, 1880s. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 181. 8.12.5 |
 | The strong arm of "Law and Order", the policeman's club, protects the social order. 1882. A nativist view of the violent decades of the late 19th century. The Graphic states: "It is better to use this, however, than to allow the edifices to fall. The world cannot be allowed to return to a condition of primeval chaos." Immigrants are blamed for all the vices of poverty. New York Daily Graphic, May 9, 1882. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 42. 8.12.5, 11.6.5 |
 | "You can't blame Japan for feeling it an insult," 1919. Captions: on nearest sign, "Japs Keep Out!," on other signs: "Revolutionists, Enemy Aliens, I.W.W.;" on flag: "Reds;" on man: "Immigration Laws;" on sign above wagon: "Most anybody with forty dollars." J.N. "Ding" Darling cartoon. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 8, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 26. 11.5.2 |
 | The views of Senator Lodge and his supporters: "Where the Blame Lies. Judge [to Uncle Sam]: 'If immigration was properly restricted you would no longer be troubled with anarchy, socialism, the Mafia, and such kindred evils!'" Caption on sign in background: "Entry for emigrants, baggage the only requisite." Captions on immigrants: "Polish vagabond, Italian brigand, English convict, Russian anarchist, Irish pauper." 1891. Grant Hamilton cartoon. Judge, 1891. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZC4-5739. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 5, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 60. 11.5.2, 11.6.5 |
| The New York Draft Riots. Rioters attack the offices of the New York Tribune, a pro-Lincoln, Republican paper with a history of anti-Irish editorials. These riots occurred during July, 1863. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-89865. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 170. 8.12.5 |
| "Unrestricted immigration and its results - a possible curiosity of the 20th century. The Last Yankee," 1888. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, September 8, 1888. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-2170. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 5, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 40. 8.12.5 |
 | "That immigration problem again!" 1921. Caption on sign: "No dumping ground for refuse." Caption on hammer: "U.S. public sentiment." Caption on barrel: "'Undesirables' for America." Caption on dress: "Some European officials." Lute Pease cartoon. Newark News, Newark, NJ, 1921. New Jersey Information Center of the Newark Public Library, 5 Washington St, Newark, NJ 07102. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 8, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 18. 11.5.2 |
“I can always rely on the History Project as a place to go and be treated as a professional. As a participant I benefit from the curriculum provided that I can use directly in my classroom. I increase my understanding of the subject matter with lectures from and interaction college professors. And I am continually challenged to produce lessons of my own based on my research. I am more thoughtful in planning - integrating new strategies each year to improve my students' learning. My students benefit because of the strategies that I am able to incorporate into my teaching and by the specific knowledge that I receive. My students also benefit because I return to school each year invigorated and rejuvenated.”
Jessica Williams
Teacher
Winters High School, Winters USD