 | Men hanging from trees, depicting religious persecution in the 16th century. Location unknown. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 49. 8.6.3 |
 | "Protestant conception of the tortures facing the Huguenots in the 17th century." New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 46. Our thanks to the NYPL. 8.6.3 |
 | "A cottage in County Cork, a Catholic area of Ireland that remained unchanged through the centuries." Copyright holder unknown. Photoworld photo. All rights reserved. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 45. 8.6.3 |
 | Traditional European agriculture. Painting. Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 14. 8.6.3 |
 | An immigrant family at the beginning of immigration, c. 1620, painting. Location unknown. Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 1. 8.6.3 |
 | Steerage passengers. The "huddled masses," steerage passengers who came by the thousands between 1880 and 1914 to escape the unbearable conditions in Eastern Europe. Edwin Levick photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-11202. In American Heritage, Oct. 1966, p. 2. 8.12.7 |
 | Italian family looking for lost baggage, Ellis Island. "The immigrants came. Thousands entered the mills of Lawrence [Mass.] The city became a center for a score of nationalities, eager to work, to earn, to raise their families in this new land." Lewis Hine photo. Lewis Hine Collection. The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY, 14607. Our thanks to the George Eastman House. In Bill Cahn, Mill Town, Cameron & Kahn, 1954, p. 73. 8.12.7 |
 | Italian women with baby, Ellis Island. "Industry needed more workers…urgently. So postcards and posters were dispatched to nations overseas to attract people to our shores. Posters showed a working man leaving a factory in Lawrence, Mass. He carried a suitcase full of gold. And in the distance was the bank to which he was taking it. Thousands risked the long trip to come to the new land of opportunity." Lewis Hine photo. Lewis W. Hine Memorial Collection. The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY, 14607. Our thanks to the George Eastman House. In Bill Cahn, Mill Town, Cameron & Kahn, 1954, p. 70. 8.12.7 |
 | Castle Garden, leased by Commissioners of Emigration in 1855, and changed from an amusement hall to a depot where the bewildered foreigner could find interpreters, guides, authorized ticket-agents and an information bureau; before Ellis Island, 1906. European Americans persistently referred to "emigrants," not "immigrants," during first half-century. We thought in terms of their departure from Europe, rather than their arrival on our shores. Harper's Weekly, 1857-60. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Adventures of America, 1938, Plate #3. 8.6.3 |
 | Bird's-eye view of New York harbor, 1871, during time when Bartholdi first visited the U.S. Currier and Ives. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In James Bell and Richard Abrams, In Search of Liberty, 1984, pp. 14-15. 8.6.3 |
 | "Polish Jews in Czestochowa, 1914." Copyright holder unknown. Corbis Corp., 710 Second Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98104. United Press International photo. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 205. 8.12.7 |
 | "The Steerage," 1911. Immigrants board ship. Alfred Stieglitz photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-62880. In Beaumont Newhall, History of Photography, 1949, p. 145. 8.12.7 |
 | A 16th century etching of a village fête. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 89. 8.6.3 |
 | Launching of the "Great Republic," the largest merchant ship in the world, 1853. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. Our thanks to the NYPL. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 76. 8.6.3 |
 | Cartoon contrasting the black slave in the U.S. and the oppressed peasant in Ireland, 1846. Harry T. Peters Collection. Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 168. 8.6.3 |
 | The contrast of British surplus population with the need for manpower in the U.S., woodcut, 1855. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 160. 8.6.3 |
 | Pieter Breughel, "The Triumph of Death," c. 1562, detail. Violence and decay of European life compelled many to leave their countries for America. See also slides IM-A-21, 22. Museo del Prado, Paseo del Prado s/n, 28014 Madrid, SPAIN. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, New York, 1971, p. 27. 8.6.3 |
 | An Irish peasant family, about 1880. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 111. 8.6.3 |
 | "A court for King Cholera - overcrowding and filth in the Irish slums [in Ireland] encourage disease." New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 112. 8.6.3 |
 | "'Here and There; Or, Emigration a Remedy.' An 1848 cartoon showing the contrast between poverty and destitution in Europe and prosperity in America." New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 98. 8.6.3 |
 | Persecuted Lutherans of Salzburg, Austria, departing for Georgia, 1732, broadside. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Louis B. Wright, The American Heritage History of the Thirteen Colonies, New York, 1967, pp. 108-9. 8.6.3 |
 | Hogarth, "Gin-Lane," 1751, engraving. Convicts and "riff-raff" in London. The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG UNITED KINGDOM. In Louis B. Wright, The American Heritage History of the Thirteen Colonies, New York, 1967, p. 112. 8.6.3 |
 | Cramped hut of an extended family of Irish peasants, 1880s. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 90. 8.6.3 |
 | "A winter street scene in London, showing the misery of the poor." Harper's Weekly, 1859. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 98. 8.6.3 |
 | Pieter Breughel, "The Triumph of Death," c. 1562, detail. The violence and decay of European life compelled many to leave their countries for America. See also slides IM-A-21, 22. Museo del Prado, Paseo del Prado s/n, 28014 Madrid, SPAIN. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 27. 8.6.3 |
 | Pieter Breughel, "The Triumph of Death," c. 1562, detail. Violence and decay of European life compelled many to leave their countries for America. See also IM-A-20, 22. Museo del Prado, Paseo del Prado s/n, 28014 Madrid, SPAIN. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, New York, 1971, p. 26. 8.6.3 |
 | "Puritans destroying the cross in London's Cheapside, a symbol of episcopacy," drawing. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 24. 8.6.3 |
 | "The Eviction," a sentimental version of an eviction of the Irish, c. 1871. Characters are heroic rather than despondent. From painting by Powell. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-19550. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 91. 8.6.3 |
 | "Outward bound, a caricature of an Irish immigrant on the quay of Dublin, 1854," T. Nichol painting. See also IM-F-9. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 98. 8.6.3 |
 | A transfer barge that carried immigrants from Castle Garden to the Erie Railway. Early German immigrants had been important in settling the East; now many were making homes in the new states of the west. Corbis Corp., 710 Second Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98104. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 105. 8.6.3 |
 | "Half Past Eight O'Clock...The Cook enraged at the Steerage Passengers being late with their Breakfast on Board the Ship Acasta, Dec. 1824; A Hasty Sketch taken by J. Bear on his Voyage to America." Rapid growth of New York in 1820s; population increased 30% between 1820 and 1825; more than 16,000 new houses built in 1824 alone. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953. 8.6.3 |
 | Religious persecution in the 16th century, drawing. Location unknown. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 24. 8.6.3 |
 | A peasant family being dispossessed for nonpayment of rent, London, 1824. David Wilkie painting. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. NE2195.W65 A3. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 23. 8.6.3 |
 | Immigrants on the steerage deck of the S.S. Pennland, 1893. Byron Collection. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, New York, 1967, p. 30. 8.12.5 |
 | An 1888 advertisement enticing foreigners to come to the Dakota Territory. Business advertisements proclaim the sophistication of the territory by listing all the goods and services available in Fargo. The vignette at the lower left shows European heads of state, including Queen Victoria, Bismarck and the Pope, charging toward America, "the land of free homes." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 101. 8.12.5 |
 | Deck scene on an immigrant liner in the first years of the 20th century. William H. Rau photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-7307. In John F. Kennedy, A Nation of Immigrants, Harper & Row Publishers, 1964, illustration #18. 8.12.5 |
 | Emigrants setting sail from Liverpool, 1840s. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 2, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 88. 8.6.3 |
 | German immigrants bound for the United States boarding a steamer in Hamburg. The population of foreign-born Germans in the U.S. increased from 150,000 in 1790 to more than 1,250,000 in 1860; by 1900 their number exceeded 2,600,000. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 104. 8.12.5 |
“Mr. Pollard took ideas for guiding history instruction and incorporated them into full activities and discussions to make the history classroom more engaging while also using established techniques to develop critical thinking. I got more out of Mr. Pollard's classroom than just a chronological series of events that took place in the United States. I came out with an idea of why events took place the way they did, and what that means for all of us today.”
Mo Torres
Natomas Charter School Graduate, Class of 2006, describing History Project Teacher Leader Jeff Pollard.
Natomas Charter School Graduate, Class of 2006