 | A departed in her coffin, Muncie, Indiana, 1865-70. The coffin lid was removed outdoors to get enough light for the photographer to take what may be the only picture made of the departed. The Pennell Collection, The Library of The University of Kansas, 2501 W 15th St, Lawrence, KS 66049. In Oliver O. Jensen, "American Album, 1968, pp. 198-9. 8.12.7 |
 | Yiddish Theater players, c. 1900. Byron Collection. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. All rights reserved. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 145. 8.12.7 |
 | A couple dancing in a German beer hall, New York City. Marcia Keegan photo. Courtesy of Marcia Keegan, Sante Fe, NM 87505. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 385. With the kind permission of Marcia Keegan. 11.2.3 |
 | Jewish New Year card, about 1912. Courtesy of Norman Zack. Our thanks to Mr. Zack. 8.12.7 |
 | 3000 German turner participants in a wand exercise in Milwaukee, 1894 - signifies German regimentation in group activities. Copyright holder unknown. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 136. 8.12.7 |
 | "Sunday evening in a New York German beer garden," 1859. Harper's Weekly, 1859. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 135. 8.6.3 |
 | St. Patrick's Day Parade in New York City, 1874 - evidence of the growing strength of the Irish in the U.S. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. All rights reserved. In American Heritage, IX, 5 (Aug. 1958), p. 27. 8.12.7 |
 | The older Jewish folk celebrate Simchas Torah, the holiday for rejoicing in the law. Harvard University Social Ethics Collection, Carpenter Center: Photography Archives, Dept. of History, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 210. 8.12.7 |
 | Three Rumanians arrive in New York wearing native dress, early 20th century. Sherman Collection, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C St, NW, Washington, DC 20240. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 247. 8.12.7 |
 | Tassel strip indicating Germans transplanted in Milwaukee, 1897. Copyright holder unknown. Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State St, Madison, WI 53706. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 129. 8.12.5 |
 | Members of the German Gymnastic Society in Cincinnati, 1850, lithograph. Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1130. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 132. 8.6.3 |
 | German band, Cincinnati Music Hall. Copyright Cincinnati Museum Center, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1130. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, pp. 138-9. Our thanks to the Cincinnati Museum Center. 8.12.7 |
 | German club members with pipes. One of many organizations that German-Americans founded in America. Cincinnati, 1880s. Copyright Cincinnati Museum Center, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1130. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 137. Our thanks to the Cincinnati Museum Center. 8.12.7 |
 | Cincinnati Music Hall, home of many German music festivals. Copyright Cincinnati Museum Center, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1130. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 141. Our thanks to the Cincinnati Museum Center. 8.12.7 |
 | Chinese parade in Los Angeles, early 1900s. Copyright Seaver Center of Western History, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007. For permission to reproduce or use this Image, please refer to the Museum's website, www.nhm.org. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, pp. 240-1. Our thanks to the Seaver Center. 8.12.7 |
 | St. Patrick's Cathedral. John McCloskey being invested as first American cardinal, 1875. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 170. 8.12.7 |
 | Uncle Sam welcomes Meyer London to Congress. He was the first socialist to be elected to any office in New York City. The Socialist Party represented the interests of Jewish labor. The Yiddish caption reads: "Pleased to meet you" (at top); (at bottom) "A truly new sort of Jew - I like you." Groiser Kundes, Nov. 13, 1914, cover. In Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1962, after p. 208. 8.12.7 |
 | An immigrant worker preparing for the Sabbath in a Ludlow St. coal cellar. This photo illustrates why Abraham Cahan, who among others established the Yiddish press in New York in the late 1880s, argued that socialist intellectuals were mistaken in ignoring the workingman's attachment to religious traditions. Jacob Riis photo. Jacob A. Riis Collection. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Ronald Sanders, The Downtown Jews, (New York, Evanston and London: Harper & Row, 1969), after p. 178. 11.2.1 |
 | Members of a Chicago chapter of the national Sokol organization, a Croatian fraternal society, 1927. Courtesy of the Croatian Women's Club, Chicago, IL. Copyright holder unknown. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 8, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 110. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigrants waiting their turns at the offices of the United Hebrew Charities. 1892. Century Magazine, 1892. In Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1962, after p. 208. 8.12.7, 11.2.4 |
 | Actress Bertha Kalisch as Ophelia in the Yiddish Hamlet, 1900. The Bookman, 1900. In Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1962, after p. 208. 8.12.7 |
 | Polish wedding party in Chicago, about 1920. The uniformed men were members of a fraternal order that participated in ceremonies to add a flourish. Copyright holder unknown. Courtesy of Emily Popiolek. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 8, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 105. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigrant aid societies struggled to place people who had some marketable skills. Corbis Corp., 710 Second Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98104. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 2, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 89. 8.12.7, 11.2.4 |
 | A St. Patrick's Day parade travels past cheering crowds in New York City, 1870s. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 182. 8.12.7 |
 | Irish celebrate St. Patrick's Day, 1867. Copyright holder unknown. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 182. 8.12.7 |
 | Depositors lining up to withdraw their savings during a run on an immigrant bank on the Lower East Side, New York City, 1912. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-ggbain-10135. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 145. 11.2.4, 11.2.5 |
 | "The Great Western Band of St. Paul," organized in the 1850s by George Seibert. German and Scandinavian immigrants were enthusiastic about music and formed musical organizations nearly everywhere they settled. Copyright holder unknown. Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W. Kellogg Blvd., St. Paul, MN 55102-1906. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 68. 8.12.7 |
 | This 1856 lithograph of the German Winter-Garden, an important gathering place for New York's German community, shows the great hall decorated with evergreens for the Christmas season. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 2, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 263. 8.12.7 |
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