 | Siegel-Cooper's sales-checking department, New York City, 1906. Byron Collection. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Joseph Byron, New York Life at the Turn of the Century, 1985, p. 114. 11.6.5, 11.2.6 |
 | Food line for strikers and pickets, San Francisco waterfront strike, 1936-7. Two lines of men, with backs to the viewer, wait for food. Photograph by Otto Hagel. Copyright 1998 Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona Foundation, Tucson, AZ 85721-0102. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Hagel Family. In E.T. Jeffress, ed., Men and Ships, A Pictorial History of the Maritime Industry, 1937. 11.6.5 |
 | The "shape-up." A crowd of waterfront workers at a shape up (a call for jobs), San Francisco. Copyright holder unknown. In William Cahn, A Pictorial History of American Labor, 1972, p. 242. 11.6.5 |
 | Telephone exchange, 1896. The Byron Collection. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Joseph Byron, New York Life at the Turn of the Century, 1985, p. 113. 11.6.5, 11.2.6, 11.2.2 |
 | The 1934 San Francisco dock strike with policemen on horses in the background, and smoke from gunfire in the crowd in the center. San Francisco during the Depression. Photograph by Otto Hagel. Copyright 1998 Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona Foundation, Tucson, AZ 85721-0102. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Hagel Family. In E.T. Jeffress, ed., Men and Ships, A Pictorial History of the Maritime Industry, 1937. 11.6.5 |
 | A policeman on horseback and a man avoiding him. San Francisco waterfront strike, 1934. Photograph by Otto Hagel. Copyright 1998 Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona Foundation, Tucson, AZ 85721-0102. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Hagel Family. In E.T. Jeffress, ed., Men and Ships, A Pictorial History of the Maritime Industry, 1937. 11.6.5 |
 | San Francisco's Pier 35, Grace Line, Panama Pacific Line. Two policemen on horseback in front of the pier gate, with crowds of men around. The 1934 waterfront strike. Photograph by Otto Hagel. Copyright 1998 Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona Foundation, Tucson, AZ 85721-0102. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Hagel Family. In E.T. Jeffress, ed., Men and Ships, A Pictorial History of the Maritime Industry, 1937. 11.6.5 |
 | Troops march past the docks and the Ferry Building during the 1934 waterfront strike, San Francisco. Photograph by Otto Hagel. Copyright 1998 Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona Foundation, Tucson, AZ 85721-0102. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Hagel Family. In E.T. Jeffress, ed., Men and Ships, A Pictorial History of the Maritime Industry, 1937. 11.6.5 |
 | Matson Navigation Co., Pier 30 and Pier 32. Men milling around near the pier are waiting for shape up (a call for jobs). San Francisco, CA, 1934. Photograph by Otto Hagel. Copyright 1998 Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona Foundation, Tucson, AZ 85721-0102. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Hagel Family. In E.T. Jeffress, ed., Men and Ships, A Pictorial History of the Maritime Industry, 1937. 11.6.5 |
 | Unions abolished the days when "fink halls" flourished. A fight for jobs at a shape up. Photograph by Otto Hagel. Copyright 1998 Center for Creative Photography, The University of Arizona Foundation, Tucson, AZ 85721-0102. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Hagel Family. In E.T. Jeffress, ed., Men and Ships, A Pictorial History of the Maritime Industry, 1937. 11.6.5 |
 | Workers in a Philadelphia factory, 1902. Sewing machines, Wilcox and Gibbs, were powered by electricity beginning in the 1880s. Motors were large and expensive. Consequently, one was usually made to serve twenty to twenty-four machines. To save space and to allow for proper alignment of the drive shaft, the machines, instead of being placed in a single row facing in one direction, were lined up in two rows, placed face to face. Once the foot treadle was replaced by power drive, the rate of stitching increased from approximately 800 stitches a minute to 4,000 stitches a minute by 1900. Copyright holder unknown. National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. All rights reserved. In Claudia B. Kidwell and Margaret C. Christman, Suiting Everyone, 1974, p. 78. 11.6.5 |
 | Diagram of the hog de-assembly line, meat-processing yard of Chicago. Titles run from left to right, top to bottom. The office, killing benches, fire department. Section No. 4 chaining room, cutting room, section of tank room. Lard cullers, filling and cooperage, inspection and packing for foreign markets, boiler room, sausage department, curing room, polishing, canning dept., filling by machine, meat untouched by hand, soldering and labeling. The Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Daniel J. Boorstin, ed., American Civilization, 1972, pp. 112-3. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | An old man inspecting yarn, Rhodes Manufacturing Co., Lincolntown, North Carolina, Nov. 1908. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Eastman House. In Judith Gutman, Lewis Hine and the American Social Conscience, 1967, p. 117. 11.2.1 |
 | Heinz Bottling Room, detail. "A hundred girls pack pickles…at a penny a bottle..." See LB-W-10. "Known in his time as 'The Prince of Paternalism,' Heinz gave his workers free medical and dental care, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, roof gardens, a library, free lectures, and lessons in such useful arts as cooking, sewing, and drawing...But these were the rewards of honest labor. Heinz motto: If you want pleasure you just toil for it." When the workers were on the job, management saw to it that they kept busy. Courtesy of H.J. Heinz Co., 600 Grant St., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Company. In American Heritage, Feb. 1972, p. 37. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | Heinz workers are driven elegantly through city parks. The reward of hard work…to get a ride in wagonette and elegant treatment when their turn comes. The building behind is the Time Office, where everyone checked in and out, and where all hiring was done. See also LB-G-9. Courtesy of The H.J. Heinz, Co., 600 Grant St., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Company. In American Heritage, Feb. 1972, p. 38. 11.2.1 |
 | "Heinz Co. girls'[sic] dining room. Each girl had her assigned place in the girls' dining room, where she had half an hour a day to eat her lunch while she listened to music provided by a talented colleague at the piano. The company had four other dining rooms: one for male factory workers, one each for male and female office workers, and one for top-ranking company officials (male, of course)." Courtesy of H.J. Heinz Co., 600 Grant St., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Company. In American Heritage, Feb. 1972, p. 39. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | Hobos during the Depression. 1930s. Copyright holder unknown. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, American Manners and Morals, 1969, p. 387. 11.6.3 |
 | Bottling Room, Heinz factory. "A hundred girls [sic] pack pickles, one at a time, into spotless bottles with a wooden paddle, giving the pickles a pattern and inserting one red pepper where it will show nicely. There is little dawdling, for the girls get a penny a bottle, and it thus takes 12-1/2 dozen (150) bottles to bring $1.50, considered to be a good day's pay. Twice a week the girls scrub down the room and hands must be kept meticulously clean. A new girl is given a free uniform; thereafter she makes her own from dark-blue white-striped cotton, which she buys at cost from the company stockroom." Copyright H.J. Heinz, Co. 600 Grant St., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Heinz Company. In American Heritage, Feb. 1972, p. 37. 11.2.1 |
 | "Women were encouraged to enter the mills, to work at wages considerably lower than men. 'They have forced our wives to the mills to work alongside of us,' the workers were to state later, 'not that their wages be leveled up to men, but that the men be forced to compete with women.'" Copyright holder unknown. In Bill Cahn, Mill Town, Cameron & Kahn, 1954, p. 83. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "There was danger in the newly-built mills - for men, women and children. One cotton plant in Lawrence, the Pemberton mill, was constructed too rapidly. On January 10, 1860, the entire factory collapsed, burying 670 workers...an investigation concluded that 'defective pillars were...the primary cause of the disaster.'" In Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Jan. 21, 1860, p. 120. In Bill Cahn, Mill Town, Cameron & Kahn, 1954, p. 53. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "We've got some grub, ma!" Urban industrial problems were exposed in a fictional story about Chicago. 1900. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 118. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "An evasion of the factory system of production." Westside Chicago. Urban industrial problems, 1900. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 236. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | Machine shop in McCormick Works, as it used to be. The McCormick Harvester Works in Chicago were "gloomy, depressing, half-cleaned barns" before the painting of the walls. 1905. Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal conditions of labour and housing, George W. Jacobs & Co., 1905, p. 101. 11.2.1 |
 | Police station lodgers spending the night in the local jail. Urban industrial problems were exposed in a fictional story about Chicago near the turn of the century. 1900. Drawing. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 36. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "The police station breakfast - a bowl of steaming coffee and a piece of bread." 1900. Urban industrial problems were exposed in a fictional story about Chicago at the turn of the century. Drawing. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 42. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "Ma sent us to get some grub for supper. Ma's got three boarders only two of 'em ain't paid nothing of a month, and pa, he's drunk. He ain't got no job, but he went out to shovel snow today, and told ma that he'd bring her some money, but he came home drunk." 1900. Urban industrial problems were exposed in a fictional story about Chicago at the turn of the century. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 114. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
“I have been attending these sessions since the early 1990's when it was originally held at UCD on Saturday's. The knowledge and information gained is stored in binders and utilized yearly by myself and other staff members at CKMcClatchy. Teaching would have been difficult without all the ideas generated by the wonderful presenters. My heartfelt thanks.”
Rick Snydor
Teacher
C.K. McClatchy High School