 | Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson, "A Map of the most Inhabited part of Virginia," London, 1768; framed: 40 1/4 x 57 5/8 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1968-11. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Carding Mill, 1840, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | "Preparing for Market," Nathaniel Currier copy after Louis Maurer, Currier and Ives, 1856, hand-colored lithograph, 18 7/8 x 27 1/4 in. (48.0 x 69.2 cm)
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. Gift of International Business Machines Corp. 1966.48.37 |
 | Franklin Hedge, "Lowell Co. Mills," 1868, drawing Charles Cowley, "History of Lowell," 1868, facing p. 52 |
 | Jackson Mfg. Co., Nashua, NH, with a genteel folk bell tower, 1845 Courtesy of Columbia University Press, 61 W 62nd St, New York, NY 10023. In Thomas Dublin, ed., "Farm to Factory: Women's Letters 1830-1860," 1981, p. 91. Our thanks to Columbia University Press. |
 | Hamilton Co. Mills, with bell tower, Lowell, MA, rebuilt in 1846. Courtesy of Columbia University Press, 61 W 62nd St, New York, NY 10023. In John Coolidge, "Mill and Mansion: A Study of Architecture and Society in Lowell, Massachusetts 1820-1865," 1942, fig. 46. Our thanks to Columbia University Press. |
 | Ad, Merrimack Co. Power Loom Jeans, Lowell, MA, c. 1830 American Textile History Museum, 491 Dutton St, Lowell, MA 01854 |
 | Lowell shopping district, Merrimac Street, 1856, drawing Lowell Historical Society, 115 John St, 4th Fl., Lowell MA 01852 |
 | Thomas Hovenden, "Last Moments of John Brown," 1882-84, oil on canvas, 77 3/8 x 66 1/4 in. (196.5 x 168.3 cm)
Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Carl Stoeckel, 1897 (97.5). http://metmus.org. All rights reserved. |
 | St. Matthew's Church, Charleston, SC, 1872 Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | French Huguenot Church, Gothic Revival, Charleston, SC, 1845 Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Tompkins Matteson, "Sugaring Off," 1845; black and white version of Slide 3738 American Art Union. The Fenimore Art Museum, PO Box 800, Cooperstown, NY 13326. |
 | The 1863 attack on "The Tribune" in New York City expressed white (especially Irish immigrants') resentment of the draft, Negroes and abolitionists. The Illustrated London News, Aug. 8, 1863. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 171. 8.10.2 |
 | Civil_War_Box_1_of_203
Map: Alignment of States into Union and Confederacy, 1861. ASK Copyright © R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 529. All rights reserved. |
 | Crisis_of_the_1850s01
President James Buchanan, (1857–61). Jacob Eichholtz, oil on canvas, 1834.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Bequest of Harriet Lane Johnston. 1906.9.5. |
 | Crisis_of_the_1850s21
Cartoon, "The Caning of Charles Sumner," "Southern Chivalry - Argument versus Club's [sic]," May 1856. After making an anti-slavery speech, Senator Sumner of Massachusetts was permanently injured by pro-slavery Representative Preston Brooks of South Carolina on the floor on the US Senate. New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. |
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