 | Oak-lined approach to Boone Hall plantation, with row of brick slave houses on left, SC, built after 1681; 1940 photo C.O. Greene photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS SC,10-MOUP.V,3-1 |
 | Slave quarters, two-room structure with central chimney, Forks of Cypress plantation, AL, 1820. 1935 photo. Title: "Old Slave House." Alex Bush photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS ALA, 39-FLO.V, 3-21 |
 | Slave quarters, Hermitage plantation, Savannah, GA, 1900-1910. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-D4-70119. |
 | Slave quarters, double-pen house, two stories high, for four families(?), Wickland, Nelson County, KY, after 1813. Also known as the Beckham house; 1934 photo; 5 x 7 in.
Theodore Webb photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS KY,90-BARTO,1-8, No. 8 |
 | Slave quarters, three-room cabin with the overhanging front eave of a creole cottage, Oakleigh, Mobile, AL, c. 1833; 1935 photo, 5 x7 in. E.W. Russell photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS ALA,49-MOBI,48 |
 | Chapel, slave church, or schoolhouse, resembled slave cabin, Mansfield rice plantation, Georgetown, Georgetown County, SC, built c. 1812; 1977 photo; 4 x 5 in.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS SC,22-GEOTO.V,8C-1 |
 | Kitchen and slave quarter with loft living space, Marmion plantation, King George County, VA, built c. 1735; 1936 photo, 4 x 5 in. Frederick D. Nichols photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS VA,50-COMO.V,2-19 |
 | Kitchen and lady at the Kilpatrick farm, Wilcox County, AL; 1937 photo Alex Bush photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS ALA,66-CAM.V,3-5 |
 | Fairbanks's Fairy Soap, 1898, trade card; racist: "Why doesn't your mamma wash you...?" The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Lautz Brothers and Co. Soaps, c. 1880, trade card; racist: African-American lad made white The New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018 |
 | Sanford's Ginger, c. 1885, ad; racist: baby in watermelon cradle The New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018 |
 | Max Stadler and Co. Clothiers, New York, c. 1885, trade card; racist caricatures The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | St. Louis Beef Canning Co., c. 1885, trade card; racist: "What more can a N- want." The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Freedmen's school, rural North Carolina US National Archives, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001 |
 | Winslow Homer, "A Visit from the Old Mistress," 1876, oil on canvas, 18 x 24 1/8 in. (45.7 x 61.3 cm). Copyright Smithsonian American Art Museum, 8th & G Streets, NW, Washington, District of Columbia 20560, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012. Accession Number: 1909.7.28. Gift of William T. Evans. All rights reserved. |
 | "Rutherford's Legacy." Outgoing President Hayes leaves his neglected child with Garfield. 1881. Cartoon. Puck, 1881. Wesley Day Collection. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-105270. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 529. 8.11.3 |
 | "Cinderella" Hayes, who chose not to run for a second term and was not pressed by party leaders to change his mind. He sits by his pot of Prosperity Soup while Conkling and Grant, his stepsisters, go to the Republican National Convention, 1880. Cartoon. “The Cinderella of the Republican Party and Her Haughty Sisters.” Hayes as a lame duck. Joseph Keppler cartoon. Puck, Oct. 13, 1880, p. 23. Chicago Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, pp. 508-9. 8.11.3 |
 | Lucy Hayes, wife of President Hayes, with her children and friend's child, c. 1879. Copyright The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Spiegel Grove, Fremont, OH 43420-2796. All rights reserved. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 505. 8.11.3 |
 | The Green Room in the White House, depicting the eclectic tastes of the Victorian era. Copyright The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center, Spiegel Grove, Fremont, OH 43420-2796. All rights reserved. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 504. Our thanks to The Hayes Presidential Center. 8.11.3 |
 | Minstrel show poster, "Morris Brothers Minstrels," c. 1869, from Boston, organized Dec. 14, 1857. Between 1843, when the first organized troupe appeared, and the 1870s, the minstrel show became one of the most popular forms of entertainment in America. A typical show, with songs, dances, jokes, a grand hoe-down, a white-faced Mr. Interlocutor who acted as straight man for the black-faced endmen, Mr. Tambo and Mr. Bones. White performers wearing burnt cork took the Negro roles during the early period; blacks did not appear in minstrel shows until after the Civil War. Minstrel shows helped create the stereotypes of American Negroes as lazy and childlike, generally not to be taken seriously. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZC4-4438. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the American People, 1970, p. 448. 8.11.3 |
 | "The Old Folks at Home," Virginia, c. 1899. An elderly African American couple eat at the table by their fireplace. Frances Benjamin Johnston photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-61017. |
 | White Leaguers prevent Negroes from voting; cartoon. The newspaper on the floor is the New York Tribune. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Langston Hughes and Milton Meltzer, A Pictorial History of the Negro in America, Crown Publishers, Inc., 1956, p. 198. 8.11.3 |
 | Dan Bryant, minstrel, about 1855. In black face. Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Beaumont Newhall, Daguerreotype in America, 1961, Plate #33. 8.11.3 |
 | Richard Norris Brooke, "A Pastoral Visit," 1881, oil on canvas, 47-3/4 x 65-3/4". A Black minister has Sunday dinner with some of his parishioners. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 81.8. Museum Purchase, Gallery Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Corcoran. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, American Manners and Morals, 1969, pp. 186-7. 8.11.3 |
 | Former slaves (wounded Union veterans?) pose before their crude cabins. Their status had changed but living conditions remained the same. See also BA-R-12. The Cook Collection, The Valentine Museum, 1015 East Clay St., Richmond, VA 23219-15990. In John Hope Franklin, An Illustrated History of Black Americans, 1970, p. 82. 8.11.3 |
 | Two former male slaves in Army uniforms standing before their cabin. Detail of BA-R-11. The Cook Collection, The Valentine Museum, 1015 East Clay St., Richmond, VA 23219-15990. In John Hope Franklin, An Illustrated History of Black Americans, 1970, p. 82. 8.11.3 |
 | The Great Awakening. Prayer Meeting, Georgia, 1870s. "He led the first 'Awakening.' George Whitefield, born in England, stirred tens of thousands of Southerners in the first 'Great Awakening' before the mid-1700s, as Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians spread their denominations over the region." In Edward King, The Great South..., Conn., 1875. In Harnett T. Kane, Gone Are the Days, 1960, p. 126. Author's collection. 8.11.3 |
 | Black men, women and children visit the general store. c. 1900. Artist, copyright holder and location unknown. 8.11.3 |
 | Playbill, "Wood's Theatre...Regularly Established as a Temple of Minstrelsy, Tuesday Evening, Oct. 29, 1867...Newcomb's…second appearance of Dick Parker! The Celebrated Ethiopian Comedian...in his Wonderful Eccentricities! Success Unabated…" This playbill is typical of the caricatures of Negroes that minstrels plastered all over the nation. Note the contrast between the attractive "yaller gals" in the bottom row and the grotesque caricature of the black woman in the second row left. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up, 1974, p. 77. 8.4.4, 8.11.3 |
 | "'Songs of the Virginia Serenaders,' contrasting minstrels in blackface and makeup with portraits of them as respectable white men...Boston, 1844...As sung by them with distinguished success in the principal cities of the Union." Sheet music cover. List of songs includes: "Dandy Jim, Dat Nigger is in Lub with Dinah, Old Grey Goose, Charleston Gals, Yaller Gals, Nigger Put Down Dat Jug, Who's Dat Nigger Dare Peepin." Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up, 1974, p. 39. 8.4.4, 8.11.3 |
 | "Zip Coon," New York, 1830s. Song sheet, "Zip Coon, a favorite Comic Song, sung by Mr. G.W. Dixon." This early image of the dandy persisted through the history of the minstrelsy. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-126131. In Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up, 1974, p. 123. 8.11.3 |
 | Poster, Callender's Colored Minstrels, after 1875. This poster typifies black minstrelsy's presentation of the plantation as the scene of carefree partying. Theatre Collection, New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. Our thanks to the Library. In Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up, 1974, p. 207. 8.11.3 |
 | Program, "A New Departure. Modern minstrelsy in Kingly Splendor." Thatcher, Primrose & West. Minstrelsy in its elegant final stage. n.d. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up, 1974, p. 153. 8.11.3 |
 | Urban theater. A theater poster of the 1890s advertising "Uncle Tom's Cabin". This play and other conservative ones helped to bring new converts to the theater. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was a landmark in breaking down religious disapproval of the theater. In American Heritage, VI, Oct. 1955, No. 6. 8.4.4, 8.11.3 |
 | Thomas Nast, "Compromise with the South," 1864. The Civil War is shown as having been fruitless. Wood engraving.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ61-1126. Harper’s Weekly, September 3, 1864, p. 572. In American Heritage, XV, 2, Feb. 1964, p. 87. 8.10.7, 8.11.3 |
 | The ravaged city of Charleston, S.C., after the war. "War-ravaged cities of the South....[Charleston after heavy shelling] had to assimilate thousands of newly freed plantation slaves who had been, in Frederick Douglass' words, 'sent away empty-handed...'" Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-cwpb-03049. In Eds. of News Front, "Pictorial History of the Black American," New York, Year 1968, p. 39. 8.10.7, 8.11.3 |
 | Slavery_to_180045
Scenes of African-American rice plantation workers, post-slavery: "Rice Culture on Cape Fear River, NC," 1866, when white plantation owners were beginning to tie Blacks to the land by informal force. Private collection. From sketches by James E. Taylor, Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Oct. 20, 1866, p. 72. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-96954. |
 | Slavery_to_180046
"Rice Planting, South Carolina, early 1890s." Women sowing rice on a South Carolina plantation under the supervision of a Black overseer. Despite emancipation, southern Blacks were often worked like slaves between Reconstruction and World War II. L.V. Hitchcock. Julian Ralph, "Dixie; or, Southern Scenes and Sketches," (New York, 1896), p. 275. In Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite, Jr., "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," a project of The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library. Copyright 2006, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and University of Virginia. Special Collections, University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113. |
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Winters High School, Winters USD