 | Betatakin Ruin, Navajo National Monument, Tonalea, AZ Copyright Bob Bradshaw, Sr., c/o John Bradshaw, 252 N. Hwy. 89-A, Sedona, AZ 86336. All rights reserved. In Bob Bradshaw, "Land of the Navajo: Monument Valley and Canyon de Chelly," 1965 |
 | J. W. Orr, "Grave Creek Mound" in West Virginia, engraving, 1848 Ohio University Press, 19 Circle Dr, The Ridges, Athens OH 45701-2979. In Robert Silverberg, "Mound Builders of Ancient America," New York Graphic Society, Greenwich, CT, 1968, p. 101 |
 | John Walker, Sr., Plan of Chelmsford, Essex, England, 1591 Essex Public Records Office, Wharf Rd, Chelmsford CM2 6YT England, UK. In Jonathan Fairbanks et al., "New England Begins: The Seventeenth Century," Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA, 1982, p. 18 |
 | Fairbanks House, Dedham, MA, c. 1637; 1880 photo Location unknown |
 | Front door, Parson Capen house, Topsfield, MA, 1683 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Carding mill, c. 1840, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Tinsmith's bench in Tin Shop, c. 1800-50; view of Bullard Tavern through window, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Carding by hand, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Tinsmith, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Tinsmith, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Scythe, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Cutting hay, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Cutting hay, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | View of mill race towards carding mill, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Tin Shop, c. 1800-50, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sawmill, reproduction, 1984, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Inside gristmill, built 1938 by Old Sturbridge Village, Inc., after ancient pattern Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Inner gristmill wheel, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Carding mill, inside and below, c. 1840, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Rear of carding mill, c. 1840, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Gristmill wheel, early 19th century, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Inside gristmill, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Gristmill wheel, early 19th century, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Mill pond, 1790s, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Gristmill wheel, early 19th century, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sawmill race, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sawmill interior, reproduction, 1984, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sawmill, back lot, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sawmill machine wheel, before 1840, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sawmill saw, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Carding mill, inside and below, c. 1840, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Beyond gristmill race, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Cutting hay, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Carding mill, inside and below, c. 1840, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sawmill, 1830s; reproduction, 1984, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Inside gristmill, built 1938 by Old Sturbridge Village, Inc., after ancient pattern Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Inside gristmill, built 1938 by Old Sturbridge Village, Inc., after ancient pattern Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Inside gristmill, built 1938 by Old Sturbridge Village, Inc., after ancient pattern Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Inside gristmill, built 1938 by Old Sturbridge Village, Inc., after ancient pattern Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Mill race into carding mill, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Window, Tinsmith shop, c. 1800-50, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Harper Brothers, interior cut-away; largest American printer in 1850s, with 500 workers, 30 power presses Jacob Abbott, "The Harper Establishment; or How the Story Books Are Made," 1855. In Kenneth Day, ed., "Book Typography 1815-1965 in Europe and America," Chicago: University of Chicago Press, (1966) Plate 9, after p. 352 |
 | Slater's Mill, Pawtucket, RI; bridge, falls and mill, 1810-19 Copyright The Rhode Island Historical Society, 121 Hope St, Providence, RI 02906. All rights reserved. |
 | Baldwin, "Tumbledown Mansion - The House of Farmer Slack," slovenly farmstead, 1840 The Plow, April 1852. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | Breed Shoe factory exteriors, Lynn, MA, and Rochester, NH, 1885 Shoe and Leather Reporter, Rubber Supplement, 1885 |
 | Sarah Trussell, "Trussell Farm," c. 1860; the artist was a Lowell worker Copyright holder unknown. Mildred Tunis. |
 | Female factory operatives bleaching at loom J.R. Barfoot, "The Progress of Cotton, 1835-40," a series of 12 prints. Slater Mill Historic Site, 67 Roosevelt Ave, Pawtucket, RI 02860 |
 | "Home to Thanksgiving," Currier and Ives, c. 1867 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-15 |
 | Shaker Apple Sauce Label; shows Shakers' reputation for shrewdness in business The Shaker Museum & Library, 88 Shaker Museum Rd, Old Chatham, NY 12136. |
 | Shaker seed poster noting free illustrated catalogue Hancock Shaker Village, PO Box 927, Pittsfield, MA 01202. |
 | William Sidney Mount, "Bargaining for a Horse," 1835, 24 x 30 in. American Art Union. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | Edward Hicks, "The Residence of David Twining," Bucks County, PA, 1845-7; the artist is the boy at lower right, the Twinings his foster family; oil on canvas, 26 1/2 x 31 9/16 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of David Rockefeller. 1933.101.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Frederick A. Chapman, "Thanksgiving at a New England Farmhouse," 1871 Harper's Weekly Magazine, 15, Dec. 9, 1871. In Sarah Burns, "Pastoral Inventions: Rural Life in 19th Century American Art and Culture," 1989, p. 295 |
 | John Ehninger, "Gathering Pumpkins," an October scene in New England, 1867, with cider Harper's, 1867. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. |
 | Ad, The Universal Food Chopper, patented 1897 Location unknown. In Charles Goodrum and Helen Dalrymple, "Advertising in America," 1990, p. 175 |
 | Arlington Collars and Cuffs, 1888, trade card; elf on floating cuff The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Lights at Night: Downstream Face, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Highway Across Dam, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Downstream Face, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Downstream Face from Transformer Ramp, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | 1930s Penstocks, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Arizona Powerhouse, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | 115,000 Horsepower Generators, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Visitors Gallery Powerhouse, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | John Vanderlyn, "A View of the Westerly Branch of the Falls of Niagara Taken from the Table Rock," London: August 1804, 19 1/2 x 29 in.; aquatint by Frederick C. Lewis. The Philadelphia Print Shop, 8441 Germantown Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19118 |
 | Asher Brown Durand, "The Edge of the Forest," 1871, oil on canvas, 78-1/2 x 64". In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 74.7. Museum Purchase, Gallery Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | Jerome Thompson, "The Haymakers," Mount Mansfield, Vermont, 1859 Copyright holder unknown. Private collection. |
 | Eastman Johnson, "On Their Way to Camp," 1873, oil on academy board, 19 1/4 x 29 5/8 in.
Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Jo Ann and Julian Ganz, Jr. All rights reserved. |
 | Virginia City, Nevada. Some idea of the city's rapid growth may be obtained by an artist's fanciful sketch made in 1864. Of interest, note the development of the industrial complex, and the black smoke of production. The Bancroft Library, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704. Our thanks to The Bancroft. In Robert E. Stewart, Jr. and Mary F. Stewart, Adolph Sutro, A Biography, Howell-North, 1962, in section opp. p. 46. 8.12.1 |
 | View of Virginia City, 1862. In Charles Shinn, The Story of the Mine, D. Appleton and Co., 1908, p. 63. 8.12.1 |
 | The interior of a mill; quartz ore. In Charles Shinn, The Story of the Mine, D. Appleton and Co., 1908, p. 80. 8.12.1 |
 | The cover of a weekly publication issued by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company emphasized that the company officials were equally concerned with the employees' working conditions and their homes. 1902. In Camp and Plant, April 26, 1902. In Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream, 1981, p. 187. 8.12.1, 8.12.6 |
 | Off to the oil refinery. Barrels of black gold are pulled out of Rouseville, another Pennsylvania oil boomtown. Drake Well Museum, 202 Museum Lane, Titusville, PA 16354. Mather Collection. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. In American Heritage, Oct. 1966, p. 43. 8.12.1, 8.12.5 |
 | "Cyrus McCormick and Reaper from an old print of about...1831." However, the artist has the wrong date; "McCormick did not patent it until three years later, in 1834." Copyright holder unknown. Harry T. Peters Collection. In Fortune, Vol. 8, 1933, p. 23. 8.12.1, 8.12.4 |
 | Broadhead Dress Goods, "Buy the Broadhead." This ad uses a factory as a symbol. Trade card, c. 1885(?) American Heritage, Feb. 1967, p. 53. 8.12.1 |
 | "The House That Jell-O Built." This trade card uses a factory as a symbol. c. 1890. "JELL-O GENESEE PURE FOOD CO." Kraft Foods, Inc., 3 Lakes Dr., Northfield, IL 60093. 8.12.1 |
 | Oswego Starch Factory, trade card, c. 1890. Uses the factory as symbol. American Heritage, Feb. 1967, p. 53. 8.12.1 |
 | Bradley Fertilizer Company, "The Largest Fertilizer Works in the World." c. 1890? North Weymouth, MA. Uses the factory as symbol. Trade card. American Heritage, Feb. 1967, p. 52. 8.12.1 |
 | Ad, Wheeler & Wilson's Sewing Machines, 1873, color lithograph. Use of the factory as symbol. Parsons for Endicott printers. Location unknown. 8.12.1 |
 | W. Baker & Co. factory and store, New York City. Typical of many ads of the latter half of the 19th century, this one features allegorical decorations and the blending en masse of the lettering, decoration and picture, with no attempt at making legible the advertising message. Location unknown. 8.12.1 |
 | Ad, "John Hecker's Machine-Made Bread....Machine Patented Nov. 24th, 1857...Sold by Weight, in 1 lb. And 2 lb. Loaves. Always Sweet; uniformly well-Baked; superior in Cleanliness, Color, Texture and Form to Hand-made Bread..." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-34041. In David Grimsted, "Notions of the Americans," 1970, p. 264. 8.12.1 |
 | Chicago, Illinois, 1860. Harper's Weekly, May 12, 1860, p. 292. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-106375. In Edwin C. Rozwenc, "Restless Americans," Vol. I, 1972, p. 125. 8.12.1 |
 | Cincinnati, Ohio, 1855. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Edwin C. Rozwenc, "Restless Americans," Vol. I, 1972, p. 126. 8.12.1 |
 | Chicago's dependence on rail and water transportation is apparent in this artist's aerial conception of the city near the end of the 19th century. The concentration of riverfront warehouses and dock facilities attests to the city's historic use of the meandering Chicago River to ship in raw materials and carry out the finished products to the world's markets. The river had also been used as an open sewer and was the cause of periodic epidemics until the direction of its flow was reversed from east to west after the Civil War by the deepening of the canal linking it with the Mississippi. Chicago's later and continuing reliance on the railroads is demonstrated by the numerous rail beds that penetrate its commercial district. Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Oliver O. Jensen, ed., "The Nineties," American Heritage Publishing Co., New York, 1967, pp. 16-17. 8.12.1 |
 | View of Colorado Springs, Colorado, 1882, a railroad town different from most of those of the Midwest and West. It was begun in 1871 by the Colorado Springs Company, headed by General William F. Palmer, who also owned the company building the railroad. The town was built for profit but was designed also to be an oasis of culture and refinement in the West. While other speculative plats frequently showed sites for an opera house, a college, and a luxurious hotel, these improvements were actually provided here. Colorado Springs was a successful venture and proved that planning and good business were compatible. Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division, Washington, DC 20540. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 405. 8.12.1 |
 | Plan of Galva, Illinois, 1875. This town had been planned and laid out before the railroad lines were constructed. However, when the railroads came and were plotted out to pass through the town diagonally, the people of Galva, desirous of the fame, prosperity and growth the railroads (sometimes) brought, hurriedly re-platted the center of town, where the depot and rail yard would be located, to accommodate the railroads. Many other towns like Galva were re-platted and rebuilt, often very carelessly, to accommodate the railroads that were built through them. Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 396. 8.12.1 |
 | View of "New Babylon" in fact, 1867. Taken from Albert D. Richardson's book, "Beyond the Mississippi." Despite the exaggerated claims of Kansas land speculators, many of the towns that they sold lot by lot to unsuspecting people often resembled the real "New Babylon." See also UR-P-29. Author's collection. John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 370. 8.12.1 |
 | Plan of the imaginary city of "New Babylon" on paper, drawn by Albert D. Richardson and included in his book, "Beyond the Mississippi," 1867. Richardson used this drawing of an imaginary town in Kansas Territory to illustrate the exaggerated claims land speculators were making in selling unseen town lots to unsuspecting people. They often claimed that these lots were located in towns having one or more railroads, a university, churches, parks, exchanges, and the like. Often these towns were composed of one or two shacks or existed only on paper. Among the buildings in town are churches, a grammar school, a female seminary, an opera house, a merchants' exchange and a cathedral. The four imaginary railroads are the New Babylon and San Francisco, New Babylon and Lake Superior, New Babylon and Gulf of Mexico, and New Babylon and St. Louis. See UR-P-30. Author's collection. John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 369. 8.12.1 |
 | View of Herington, Kansas, 1887, showing the great amount of land speculation that occurred in connection with "railroad towns." As a railroad approached the site of a railroad depot, a town was laid out, usually in a grid pattern to facilitate land speculators, and furious buying and selling of town lots occurred. However, once the railroad reached the town and continued building beyond it, unless the town had some natural advantages, it usually ended up looking something like Herington, or was deserted altogether. The double line running vertically down the main street is the line for the horse-drawn trolley. Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division, Washington, DC 20540. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 399. 8.12.1 |
 | The Illinois Central Associates' Standard Town Plat, 1851. Although the Illinois Central was prohibited by its charter from laying out towns along its rail lines, four directors and the engineer in charge of construction of the lines got around this rule, and made a great profit, by buying lands around the sites of station depots. They laid out a town for each site and used this plat for planning each town. In all these towns, street names and numbers were identical, as were the sizes of blocks, lots and street widths. The freight and passenger stations were always located between North and South First Streets and between Chestnut and Oak Streets. Library of the Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University, Soldiers Field Rd., Boston, MA 02163. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 393. 8.12.1, 11.2.2 |
 | The lines and stations of the Illinois Central Railroad, 1860. About half of the towns along the rail line, including Mattoon, Manteno, Onarga, Farina, and Odin, were planned and set up by four of the directors and the engineer in charge of construction of the Illinois Central. Each town was laid out using the same standard plan. Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 394. 8.12.1 |
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 | Ca-P11-c2 "The Cariboo Road," constructed by British troops and the Royal Engineers through the Fraser Valley, c. 1862. Rex Woods painting, 1967.
Copyright holder unknown. Confederation Life Collection. The Confederation Life Insurance Co. is defunct. British Columbia Archives, Royal BC Museum, 675 Belleville St, Victoria, BC V8W 9W2 CANADA. PDP03696. |
“I have been attending these sessions since the early 1990's when it was originally held at UCD on Saturday's. The knowledge and information gained is stored in binders and utilized yearly by myself and other staff members at CKMcClatchy. Teaching would have been difficult without all the ideas generated by the wonderful presenters. My heartfelt thanks.”
Rick Snydor
Teacher
C.K. McClatchy High School