 | Creek man and woman, 18th century, sketch Copyright holder unknown. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, British Public Record Office/National Archives, CO700/Carolina 21, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, England, UK. In Kathryn E. Holland Braund, "Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685-1815," 1993, facing p. 103 |
 | Hopi women grinding corn, 1907 Edward Curtis photo. Courtesy of The New York Public Library, Fifth Ave & 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. Our thanks to the NYPL |
 | "Mrs. Freddie pouring water on the cornmeal," 1902. This Hoopa (Northern CA) woman pours water with basket cup to leach toxicity from acorn meal. 15-3329. Courtesy of The Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology, 103 Kroeber Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3712. Copyright The University of California, Berkeley, CA. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Hearst Museum. |
 | "A Sachem of the Abenakee Nation Rescuing an English Officer From the Indians," 1768, woodcut Boston Almanac, 1768. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-45552 |
 | Gilbert Stuart, "Joseph Brant, Mohawk Chief (Thayendanegea)," 1786 New York State Historical Association, PO Box 800, Cooperstown, NY 13326. |
 | "A View of The Natural Bridge in Virginia," 1787, drawing Columbian Magazine, 1787 |
 | George Catlin, "Ten-sqúat-a-way, The Open Door, Known as The Prophet, Brother of Tecumseh," (Shawnee), with his sacred string of beads and firestick, 1830, oil on canvas, 29 x 24 in. (73.7 x 60.9 cm)
Copyright Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr., 1985.66.279. www.si.edu. All rights reserved. |
 | Albert Bierstadt, "The Last of the Buffalo," 1888, oil on canvas, 71-1/8" x 118-3/4" In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 09.12. Gift of Mary (Mrs. Albert) Bierstadt). All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | George Catlin, "Buffalo Dance," 1844, hand-colored lithograph, h: 12 x w: 7.8 in / h: 30.5 x w: 19.8 cm "Catlin's North American Indian Portfolio," 1845. Virginia Historical Society, PO Box 7311, Richmond, VA 23221-0311. |
 | Hiram Powers, "California," 1850–55; this carving, 1858, marble; 71 x 18 1/4 x 24 3/4 in. (180.3 x 46.4 x 62.9 cm)
Karen Halttunen photo. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Gift of William Backhouse Astor, 1872 (72.3). http://metmus.org. |
 | George Catlin, "Jú-ah-kís-gaw, Woman With Her Child in a Cradle," 1835, oil on canvas, 29 x 24 in. (73.7 x 60.9 cm)
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.186. www.si.edu |
 | Pilot house figure, Indian chief, on steamboat that sank during Civil War, c. 1850 Karen Halttunen photo. Shelburne Museum, PO Box 10, Shelburne, VT 05482. |
 | Cigar store figure, Indian with headdress, attributed to shop of Samuel Robb, New York City, late 19th century Karen Halttunen photo. Shelburne Museum, PO Box 10, Shelburne, VT 05482. |
 | Eanger Irving Couse, "The Captive," 1891. "This powerful image was based on the Whitman Massacre of 1847." - Phoenix Art Museum. Courtesy of The Collection of The Phoenix Art Museum, 1625 N. Central Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85004-1685. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Read Mullan and others, by exchange. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | John Vanderlyn, "The Death of Jane McCrea," 1804, oil on canvas, h: 91.19 cm (35.9 in.), w: 67.31 cm (26.5 in.) Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, 600 Main St, Hartford, CT 06103. |
 | George Catlin, "Grizzly Bears Attacking Indians on Horseback," 1832-33, oil on canvas, 24 x 29 in. (60.9 x 73.7 cm)
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.418. www.si.edu. |
 | Kiowa tipi corner recording Kiowa military history, actions against U.S. soldiers and enemy tribes in 1840s, OK, 1890s Copyright The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. All rights reserved. |
 | George Catlin, "Mah-to-toh-pa," second chief of the Mandan, 1844, lithograph
Catlin's "North American Indian Portfolio," 1844. Plate 27. Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Transfer from the National Museum of Natural History, Department of Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. 1985.66.386,593AA |
 | Indian artifacts collected by George Catlin: Northern Plains, Mandan, Southeastern, Northeastern, Lakota Copyright The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Dept. of Anthropology. www.si.edu. All rights reserved. |
 | Trade card, Indians looting covered wagon, Libby McNeill and Libby Meat Products, c. 1880 The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, NMAH, MRC 601, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Albert Bierstadt, "Valley of the Yosemite," 1864, oil on paperboard, 30.16 x 48.89 cm (11 7/8 x 19 1/4 in.)
Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of Martha C. Karolik for the M. and M. Karolik Collection of American Paintings, 1815–1865, 1947. Accession number: 47.1236 |
 | Albert Bierstadt, "Emigrants Crossing the Plains," 1867, oil on canvas, 67 x 102 in. (170.2 x 259.1 cm) Copyright National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum, 1700 NE 63rd St, Oklahoma City, OK 73111. All rights reserved. |
 | Arthur F. Tait, "Life on the Prairie - the Buffalo Hunt," Currier and Ives, 1888 The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Thomas Moran, "Green River Cliffs, Wyoming," 1881 Copyright holder unknown. The work was sold in 1994 at Christies in New York for $2,752,500. |
 | Log cabin, more civilized, the third in a series of four prints, 1851; see also Slides 1591, 1598 and 2459 Location unknown. Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Log cabin, now a mansion, the fourth in a series of four prints, 1851; see also Slides 1591, 1598 and 2458 Location unknown. Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | John Mix Stanley, "Scouts in the Tetons," c. 1854-63 Copyright holder unknown. In William H. Truettner, ed., "The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920," National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1991, p. 116 |
 | Albert Bierstadt, "The Rocky Mountains, Landers Peak," 1863, chromolithgraph based on painting (oil on canvas), 73 1/2 x 120 3/4 in. (186.7 x 306.7 cm)
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Rogers Fund, 1907 (07.123). http://metmus.org. All rights reserved. |
 | Andrew Putnam Hill, "George W. Hoag's Record Wheat Harvest," 1876 Copyright holder unknown. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. In William H. Truettner, ed., "The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920," National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1991, p. 231 |
 | "On the Stage Coach," Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, c. 1887, show poster Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 720 Sheridan Ave, Cody, WY 82414 |
 | Frederic Remington, "A Dash for the Timber," 1889; cowboys escaping Apaches Courtesy of The Amon Carter Museum, 3501 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2695. Our thanks to the Museum. All rights reserved. |
 | George Catlin, "Buffalo Bull, Chasing Back: 'Turn About is Fair Play,'" Currier and Ives, c. 1844 Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Charles Schreyvogel, "Defending the Stockade," c. 1905 Copyright holder unknown. Gaylord Broadcasting Company Collection, Oklahoma City, OK. |
 | "The Death of Chief Tall Bull," Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, 1907, show poster Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 720 Sheridan Ave, Cody, WY 82414 |
 | Frederic Remington, "The Waterhole," c. 1905 Copyright holder and location unknown |
 | Frederic Remington, "What an Unbranded Cow Has Cost," 1895 Yale University Art Gallery, PO Box 208271, New Haven, CT 06520-8271. In Harper's Weekly, 1895, illustration for Owen Wister's "Evolution of the Cow Puncher" |
 | Arthur F. Tait, "The Prairie Hunter - 'One Rubbed Out!,'" Currier and Ives, 1852 Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC2-1748 |
 | Ad, Indian Compound (cold remedy), NY, c. 1870, ad poster; bare-breasted Indian woman Location unknown |
 | Milwaukee Harvester Co., c. 1890, trade card; young girl in hay Collection of Robert Jay. In Robert Jay, "The Trade Card in Nineteenth Century America," (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987), fig. 155 |
 | Ceiling tilework, Santa Barbara, CA, Courthouse Karen Halttunen photo |
 | The Famous Hopi House Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Francis A. Silva, "Indian Rock, Narragansett Bay," 1872, oil on canvas, 19 3/4 x 35 1/2 in. cm. 0.502 x 0.902 Copyright holder unknown. Private collection. |
 | Robert W. Weir, "Sunday Morning," c. 1850 Copyright holder unknown. |
 | William Hahn, "Yosemite Valley from Glacier Point," 1874 Copyright holder unknown. Lakeside Investments, South Lake Tahoe, CA. |
 | John Mix Stanley, "The Trappers," 1858, oil on canvas, 36 x 29 in. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 69.5. Gift of William Wilson Corcoran. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | Natives of Sandwich Islands, one dancing and another wearing mask James Cook, "A Voyage to the Pacific Ocean," 1789 |
 | Karl Bodmer, Mandan Bull Society dance, detail of an Indian with mask and shield. See also IA-A-10. Yale University Library, 130 Wall St., P.O. Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520-8240. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 460. 8.12.2 |
 | Paul Kane, Blackfoot Indian horse race, 1848. Plate 16. The Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ont., CANADA M5S 2C6. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 463. 8.12.2 |
 | "Oasis in the Bad Lands" (The North American Indian; v.03). A popular image of "The Indian," Red Hawk, a Lakota Sioux warrior in all his feathers and war paint; but the photo was taken in 1905, 15 years after the last battle his tribe ever fought. Contrast with IA-C-18. Edward S. Curtis photo. Seattle Public Library, 1000 Fourth Ave., Seattle, WA 98104-1109. In Oliver O. Jensen, American Album, 1968, p. 102. 8.12.2 |
 | A second image of "the Indian," depicting Indians' real condition at the turn of the century, more accurately reflected by an old woman, Princess Angelina, daughter of Chief Seattle, 1890. She was living in a hovel in the domain her people had owned and her father had ruled. Contrast with IA-C-17. Duplicate of IA-C-15. Copyright holder unknown. Possibly Delaware North Companies, 40 Fountain Plaza, Buffalo, NY 14202. In Oliver O. Jensen, American Album, 1968, p. 103. 8.12.2 |
 | Otokuyicokoan, or Yellow Lodge, a member of the Tsuu T'ina (formerly called Sarcee) First Nation, 1887. Photographic profile portrait.
Courtesy of Glenbow Archives, The Glenbow Museum, 130 - 9 Avenue S.E., Calgary, Alberta, CANADA T2G 0P3. Our thanks to the Museum. In Oliver O. Jensen, American Album, 1968, p. 96. 8.12.2 |
 | Heap Wolves, Comanche, bedecked in a necklace of bone, 1869. Photographic portrait. Copyright Seaver Center of Western History, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007. For permission to reproduce or use this Image, please refer to the Museum's website, www.nhm.org. All rights reserved. In Oliver O. Jensen, American Album, 1968, p. 97. 8.12.2 |
 | Red Armed Panther, Cheyenne scout, sometimes called Red Sleeve. Fort Keogh, Montana, 1879. L.A. Huffman photographic portrait. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 473. 8.12.2 |
 | Red Armed Panther, Cheyenne. 1879. Photo portrait. Detail of IA-C-5. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 473. 8.12.2 |
 | Pueblo children. Coe Collection, Yale University, 130 Wall St., P.O. Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520-8240. In American Heritage, XXII, 1, Dec. 1970, p. 51. 8.12.2 |
 | The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 1909. A former Army post in Pennsylvania. Shows the parade grounds. See also IA-D-3. Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C St., N.W., Washington, DC 20240. In American Heritage, XXII, 1, Dec. 1970, p. 48. 8.12.2 |
 | The 1893 Columbian Exposition - "Two representatives of the Sioux Nation…grand encampment and confraternity of blanket Indians, where the tents of Sioux, Pawnees, Blackfeet and Cheyennes were separated by nothing but cloth and tent-pins, an association never seen upon the plains, where deadly hatred is characteristic of the tribes, and an exchange of flying arrows the only intercourse...largest representations from Sioux nation, whose valor and numbers wrought Custer's annihilation in 1876. Our illustration is one of two Sioux men, whose style of dress shows the result of contact with civilization. In earlier years their raiment was principally a breech-clout and blanket, but progress has effected changes, which, though gradual, will in a few years more eliminate every appearance of savagery in the dress and customs of the plains Indians. With schools and experimental farms they are approaching citizenship, though slowly." And unhappily. Copyright holder unknown. In James W. Buel, The Magic City, 1894. 8.8.2, 8.12.2, 11.2.3 |
 | Young Navajo Tom Torlino a few months after his arrival at the Carlisle Industrial School in 1882. He has been "transformed" into a conventional 19th century scholar. See also IA-D-1. National Anthropological Archives and Human Studies Film Archives, [#53,599 and #53,599-A]. Smithsonian Institution Museum Support Center, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD 20746. In American Heritage, XXII, 1, Dec. 1970, p. 48. 8.12.2, 11.2.3 |
 | Young Navajo Tom Torlino when he arrived at the Carlisle Industrial School in 1882. See also #IA-D-2. Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C St., N.W., Washington, DC 20240. In American Heritage, XXII, 1, Dec. 1970, p. 48. 8.12.2, 11.2.3 |
 | The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 1909. A former Army post in Pennsylvania. See also IA-D-1&2. Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C St., N.W., Washington, DC 20240. In American Heritage, XXII, 1, Dec. 1970, p. 48. 8.12.2, 11.2.3 |
| The Carlisle Indian Industrial School, 1909. A former Army post in Pennsylvania. See also IA-D-1&2. Bureau of Indian Affairs, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C St., N.W., Washington, DC 20240. In American Heritage, XXII, 1, Dec. 1970, p. 48. 8.12.2, 11.2.3 |
 | George Catlin, "Assinneboine Chief before and after Civilization," 1861/1869, oil on card mounted on paperboard. Catlin shows the contrast in an Indian chief before and after his visit to Washington, D.C., 1841. Currier & Ives. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In American Heritage, VII, 2, Feb. 1956, p. 2. 8.12.2, 11.2.3 |
 | Geronimo, 1887, photographic portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-36613. In American Heritage, XVII, 4, June 1966, p. 56. 8.12.2 |
 | A Lakota Sioux camp in South Dakota, 1891. Photo. See also IA-F-2. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In John A. Garraty, The American Nation, 1966, pp. 452-3. 8.12.2 |
 | A Lakota Sioux encampment in South Dakota, detail, 1891. Photo. See also IA-F-1. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In John A. Garraty, The American Nation, 1966, pp. 452-3. 8.12.2 |
 | Geronimo and his proud Apache warriors standing and kneeling in a field, 1886. Arizona State Library, History and Archives Division, 1700 W. Washington, 3rd Floor, Phoenix, AZ 85007. In American Heritage, XVII, 4, June 1966, p. 62. 8.12.2 |
 | Apache prisoners of war being taken to Florida, 1886, photo. US National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. In American Heritage, XVII, 4, June 1966, p. 63. 8.12.2 |
 | "A Strong Man at the Head of Government," summed up U.S. Grant's two administrations at a time of wholesale corruption. 1880. Cartoon. Puck Magazine, 1880. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-5606. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 477. 8.12.2, 8.12.6 |
 | "American Eden." Copyright holder unknown. Possibly Birmingham Museum & Art Gallery, Chamberlain Square, Birmingham B3 3DH England, UK. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, "American Manners and Morals," 1969, p. 16. 8.6.7, 8.12.2 |
 | View of Oklahoma City, Indian Territory, 1890, showing its rapid growth just one year after the Great Oklahoma Land Rush. Already the city possessed six real estate offices, a Board of Trade, and the California Barber Shop and Bath House. Note the grid street plan, a common device in the development of towns in the west. Stokes Collection, New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 377. 8.12.2 |
 | Frances F. Palmer, "The Lightning Express Leaving the Junction" (trains), color lithograph, 1863. Currier & Ives. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Walton Rawls, "The Great Book of Currier and Ives' America," 1979, p. 238. 8.12.2 |
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