 | "The Grand Display of Fireworks and Illuminations for the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge," Currier & Ives, c. 1883, chromolithograph Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ6-335 |
 | Los Angeles cable cars, 1889 Courtesy of The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-6000. Barry Collection of Los Angeles Area Photographs, BANC PIC 1964.056--PIC. Our thanks to The Bancroft. |
 | Single-car trolley, Washington, DC, c. 1895 Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. |
 | New York elevated trains, c. 1885, trade card, Rapid Transit Soap (Colgate) Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School, Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163 |
 | "New York Crystal Palace," Currier and Ives, c. 1853 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. http://metmus.org |
 | New York City's Greeley Square with elevated rapid transit, 1898 Copyright holder unknown. |
 | Crowds at Macy's, Christmas windows, New York City, 1884, drawing Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 1884. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | Old Dog Tray tobacco, c. 1885, trade card Collection of Robert Jay. In Robert Jay, "The Trade Card in Nineteenth Century America," (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987), fig. 57 |
 | Libby, McNeill and Libby Meat Products, c. 1880, trade card; a comely Columbia The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Uneeda and Iwanta biscuits, 1899, evidence in case by National Biscuit Co. against imitations Baker Library, Harvard Business School, Soldiers Field, Boston, MA 02163 |
 | Merrick Thread, "binds the [marital] union," of President Cleveland and his young bride, 1883, trade card The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Hoffman House Bouquet Cigar, New York, c. 1893, ad poster, Foster-Hilson Co.; fashionable hotel with clients including Buffalo Bill, Grover Cleveland, and other political, theatrical, and military figures Location unknown. In Bryan Holme, "Advertising: Reflections of a Century," 1982, pp. 10-11 |
 | Payn & McNaughton tobacco and chocolate, Albany, NY, c. 1847, ad poster Location unknown |
 | Quaker Brand Rolled Oats, "How many packages can you count?," 1895, trade card The New-York Historical Society,170 Central Park W, New York, NY 10024 |
 | A & P Baking Powder, 1883, ad card; illustrates "great demand" The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Looking Toward Nevada Side, 1962 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | A contemporary artist’s rendering of the clash in Baltimore between workers and the Maryland Sixth Regiment during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. The governor had called out the troops on behalf of the railroad company to quell strikes and riots resulting from the railroad's wage cuts. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., Vol. I, 1968, p. 497. In United Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers of America (UE) News Online, Wed., Oct. 30, 2002. 8.12.3, 8.12.6 |
 | "Last meeting of the Garment Workers' strike, 1913." Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America photo. UNITE HERE, 275 7th Ave, New York, NY 10001-6708. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 201. 8.12.3, 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | A Republican campaign poster contrasting Harrison's ideas with Cleveland's, 1888. Note the focus on protective tariffs. Harrison promises "Death to polygamy...No more Coolie nor [sic] Contract Labor...Protection to American Labor." Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 569. 8.12.3 |
 | Frances Folsom Cleveland at 21 years of age when she married the 49-year-old bachelor president. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. Negative 91-3769. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 566. 8.12.3 |
 | President Cleveland and his former ward, Frances Folsom, at their wedding in the White House, 1886. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, c. 1886. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 567. 8.12.3 |
 | "Another Voice for Cleveland," depicting a squalling infant calling for his pa. Grover Cleveland had acknowledged an illegitimate son. 1884. Cartoon. Judge Magazine, 1884. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-4117. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 565. 8.12.3 |
 | President Arthur fishing. (Yellowstone, 1883?) Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 546. 8.12.3 |
 | President Arthur as King Hal in Shakespeare's Henry IV, Part Two, in which once he ascends the throne he turns from his former friends. Arthur did the same to Roscoe Conkling. Cartoon. New York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, pp. 544-5. 8.12.3 |
 | President Chester Arthur sweating under the hot rays of the sun, representing the schisms in the Republican Party. 1882. Cartoon. Puck, "Getting Hot Enough For Him," July 5, 1882. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 543. 8.12.3 |
 | Cleveland's inauguration, 1885. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-15419. In American Heritage, XIII, 5, Aug. 1962, pp. 8-9. 8.12.3 |
 | A Republican poster of 1896, contrasting the good times under the Republicans with the bad times under the Democrats. "Our Home Defenders…Protection vs. Free Trade…The Smoking Chimney vs. the smokeless chimney." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-3162. In Irwin Shapiro, ed., The Golden Book of America, American Heritage, 1967, p. 147. 8.12.3 |
 | Poster ad for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, between Chicago and Omaha, late 1860s. "These palatial PULLMAN HOTEL CARS are run by no road except the Chicago & Northwestern Railway." A dining room scene. Note the folding upper bunks. In C. Hamilton Ellis, Railway Art, 1977, p. 53. 8.12.3, 8.12.4 |
 | A Pullman car advertisement for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 1879. "This is the only route running Pullman dining cars east from Omaha. This is the only route running Pullman sixteen-wheel drawing room sleeping cars in America…" Dining cars are presented here as showcases of a railroad's wares. In Lucius Beebe, Mr. Pullman's Elegant Palace Car, 1961, p. 25. 8.12.3, 8.12.4 |
 | George Pullman's planned model suburb of Chicago about 1885. The inset (lower left) shows the plan of the city and its relation to the Pullman railroad car works. Cincinnati Historical Society, Cincinnati Museum Center, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1130. In Zane L. Miller, The Urbanization of Modern America, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1973, p. 140. 8.12.3, 11.2.9 |
 | Plan of Pullman, Illinois, 1885. This is an example of a complete company town conceived and built as a unit, under the direction of a team of designers who presumably embodied in the plan the most up-to-date theories and practices of town design. Built by George Pullman in the 1880s to provide his Pullman Company with a dependable, more efficient work force, this town became a showplace of company towns. However, the town was run by the enlightened paternalism of Pullman, and after the Pullman Strike of 1894, the Illinois Supreme Court ordered the Pullman Company to divest itself of all real property not required for strictly manufacturing operations. Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol. 70, No. 417, 1885. In John W. Reps, The Making of Urban America, Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 423. 8.12.3, 11.2.9 |
 | A Pullman advertisement. A languid lady promotes the advanced accommodations of a Midwestern railroad. Outlined in her chair is the route of the road. 1880-1900. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZC2-4891. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, The Life History of the United States, Vol. 8, 1974, p. 159. 8.12.3, 8.12.4 |
 | National Guardsmen firing into an angry mob of demonstrators during the Chicago Pullman strike of 1894. Drawing. Harper's Weekly, 1894. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., Vol. II, 1968, pp. 572-3. 8.12.3, 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "A special patrolling train on the Rock Island Railroad, guarded by Company C of the 15th U.S. Infantry, shown at Blue Island, Illinois, during the Pullman Strike, 1894." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In David F. Selvin, Eugene Debs, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, Co. 1966, p. 111. 8.12.3, 8.12.6 |
 | The market square of Pullman. 1905. "The main boulevard is 100 feet in width. The center of the village is formed by a market building of some pretension in an open square planted with trees, surrounded by an arcade recalling Italy." Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing, George W. Jacobs & Co., 1905, p. 386. 8.12.3, 11.2.9 |
 | "Bird's Eye View of the Great New York and Brooklyn Bridge and Grand Display of Fireworks on Opening Night, 1883." Artist unknown. In Steelways Magazine, American Iron and Steel Institute, 1140 Connecticut Ave., NW, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036. In American Heritage, Oct. 1956, p. 73. 8.12.3 |
 | Americans were dazzled in the 1870s and '80s by technological feats of such scope that they seemed to be emblems of a strong young nation striding forward to lead all the world in progress. Trade cards made the most of this, as here with the Brooklyn Bridge. "The bridge crosses the river by a single span of 7595 feet, suspended by four cables 15-1/2 inches in diameter. The approach on the New York side is 2492 feet. The approach on the Brooklyn side is 1901 feet. The total length 5988 feet. From highwater to roadway, 120 feet. From roadway to top 157 feet. From highwater to center of span, 135 ft. Width of bridge 85 ft. Total height of towers, 277 ft." Lydia E. Pinkham's Vegetable Compound. In American Heritage, Feb. 1967, p. 48. 8.12.3 |
 | Brooklyn Bridge, "the eighth wonder of the world," completed in 1883. This picture was taken from the Brooklyn side, about 1900. The artist Joseph Stella: "Brooklyn Bridge symbolized the joyful, daring endeavor of the American Civilization." Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Oliver O. Jensen, American Album, 1968, pp. 243-44. 8.12.3 |
 | "What a Bridge Did for Brooklyn." Ad by Joe Dau for the sale of 1898 houses that the U.S. Shipping Board had built during World World War I near Philadelphia. Here we see the essentials of advertising technique: sentiment (Uncle Sam) and a blunt appeal to the speculative imagination (here suggesting that Camden, across the river from Philadelphia, would grow as Brooklyn had, because of the bridge then under construction). "Brooklyn in 1884: 599,495 population; Brooklyn in 1920: 2,018,356 population." Copyright holder unknown. In Fortune, May 1932, p. 92. 8.12.3 |
 | Cartoon, "The Tariff Tinkers are Resolved to Have a Change at Any Cost." Above, Prosperity holds a shield of "Protection." "The Prosperity of the Nation Built up by Republican Protection; Let Well Enough Alone." Below, three men (free-trade Democrats?) prepare to blow up the happy scene. Judge Magazine, 1890s(?) 8.12.3 |
 | Cartoon, "The Workman and the Camel - A Free Trade Fable." The camel of English Free Trade breaks through the "American Manufactory of Iron, Steel, Woolens, Woodware, Linens, Brass, Clothing, Etc." Judge Magazine, 1888(?) 8.12.3 |
 | Chicago and North Western Station, Chicago, IL, c. 1880. Exterior. By W.W. Boyington. American Architect and Building News, Feb. 19, 1881. In Carroll L. Meeks, "The Railroad Station," 1956, Photo 132. 8.12.3 |
 | Aerial view of San Francisco, 1868, showing the topography of the city and the effect of placing a grid street pattern on top of it. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94702. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 315. 8.12.3 |
 | "Through to the Pacific," 1870. "Man finds in steam a fit subject for poetry....[the] locomotive, roaring monster belching smoke and sparks, devouring space, inspired ingenuous verse, puffed with rhetorical and uncritical enthusiasm...at other times, the train became the symbol of travel and adventure, a dimension as it were of the human spirit." Currier & Ives lithograph. Detail of SY-R-14. The California State Library, California History Room, PO Box 942837, Sacramento, CA 94237-0001. 2001-0471. In Umberto Eco, "The Picture History of Inventions," 1963, p. 202. 8.12.3 |
 | Poster, Great Western Railroad, 1876. "The Only Route via Niagara Falls & Suspension Bridge." A combination of various symbols: Niagara Falls, the railroad and the suspension bridge. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Norman A. Graebner, "A History of the American People," 1970, p. 447. 8.12.3 |
 | "Through to the Pacific," 1870. A train travels through a valley, past a small city and mill, past lumberjacks assembling logs and a farmer plowing a field, toward a bay of the Pacific in the distance. See SY-D-6 for detail. Currier & Ives. The California State Library, California History Room, PO Box 942837, Sacramento, CA 94237-0001. 2001-0471. In Walton Rawls, "The Great Book of Currier and Ives' America," 1979, p. 226. 8.12.3 |
“I can always rely on the History Project as a place to go and be treated as a professional. As a participant I benefit from the curriculum provided that I can use directly in my classroom. I increase my understanding of the subject matter with lectures from and interaction college professors. And I am continually challenged to produce lessons of my own based on my research. I am more thoughtful in planning - integrating new strategies each year to improve my students' learning. My students benefit because of the strategies that I am able to incorporate into my teaching and by the specific knowledge that I receive. My students also benefit because I return to school each year invigorated and rejuvenated.”
Jessica Williams
Teacher
Winters High School, Winters USD