 | Gown, probably England, 1780s, ivory silk-ribbed taffeta, silk gauze trim, and linen-lined bodice Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Women's or Men's Stockings, probably England, c. 1750 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Card table, detail, Philadelphia, PA; see also Slide 797 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Looking glass, England, 1660-80, deal, gesso and silver; OH: 43 1/2 in., OW: 24 1/8 in., OD: 3 1/4 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1970-89. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Looking glass, Philadelphia, PA, 1740-60, walnut veneer on pine; OH: 26 1/4 in., OW: 18 3/4 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1940-343. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Ernest LoNano, Gore valences, crewelwork bed valance, England, 1690-1710, crewels on linen/cotton; OW: 12 in., OL: 205 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1955-351,1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Candlestand, London, England Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Firescreens, London, England Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | China cabinet, London, England Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | James Brown, "Portrait of Calvin Hall," MA, 1808, oil on fine linen; unframed: 34 x 30 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1957.100.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | West bedroom, Peyton Randolph House, Williamsburg, VA, built 1715 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Brush Everard parlor The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. |
 | Bedtray, Peyton Randolph Bedroom The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. |
 | Students' Room, Wythe House, mid-1750s(?) The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. |
 | Harpsichord Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Curtained bed Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Curtained bed Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Fireplace with Delft tile Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Card table Karen Halttunen photo |
 | First-floor Bedroom, Thomas Everard House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Dining Room, Peyton Randolph House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Card Table, England Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Parlour, Geddy House, Williamsburg, VA, built 1762 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Card Table Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Posset pot, probably Bristol, England, c. 1720, tin-glazed earthenware (delft), decorated in blue; H: 13 1/8 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1965-123. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Genteel punch table Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Looking glass, England, 1740-70, gilt, gesso, deal and glass; OH: 43 in., OW (base): 26 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1967-421. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Cabinet and chairs Dewitt Wallace Gallery. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Gown with stomacher, Spitalfields, England, c. 1750-70, metallic lace and paper lining; 10 x 15 1/4 in. See detail, Slide 822. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1968-646,3. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Child's Bedroom, Geddy House, Williamsburg, VA, built 1762 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Desk in Bedroom, George Wythe House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Rope bed, exposed Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Looking glass, England, c. 1670 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Staircase, Thomas Everard House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Dining Room, Thomas Everard House, detail of sideboard, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Dressing table, London, England, c. 1745, mahogany and satinwood, oak and deal; H: 31 3/8 in., OW: 41 1/4 in., OD: 23 3/8 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1960-787. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Easy chair, New York, NY Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Card table Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | John Collet, "Discordant Matrimony," London, England, 1763, oil on canvas Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Curtained bed Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Bedroom Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Billiard room Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Card table, Philadelphia, PA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Sofa, Philadelphia, PA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Card table, Philadelphia, PA; see Slide 710 for detail Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Back stool, England Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Wren Building, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA; first built 1695 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | "Susanna and the Elders" Dish, London, 1648, tin-glazed earthenware (delft); OH: 4 in., Diam: 18 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1961-33. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Wig, stand, and weaving equipment Karen Halttunen photo |
 | The Peyton Randolph House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | John Collet, "The Elopment," London, England, c. 1764 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Dinner service, London, c. 1775, tin-glazed earthenware (delft) Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1986-32,1. Partially funded by the Stanley and Polly Stone Foundation. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Colonial Williamsburg. |
 | Gentleman's Suit, England, 1765-75; coat, white broadcloth frock, and breeches; OL: 41 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1964-32,1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Man's coat, France or England, 1790-1820, deep purple-blue silk, voided cut velvet embroidered with silk; OL: center back 39 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Mr. Mark Clark. 1971-433. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Gown, wide hoops brocaded with strawberries, Spitalfields, England, 1745-55, brocaded silk Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Fan, England, c. 1780-1800, silk and paper on parchment with a wooden handle, "Keep Within Compass" a warning to uppity women; L: 16 3/8 in. (including handle); W: 12 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1950-379. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Settee, London, c. 1730, walnut and beech; OH: 41 in.; OW (seat): 56 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1964-461. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Stomacher, detail of woman's dress, England, c. 1750-70, metallic lace and paper lining; 10 x 15 1/4 in. See detail Slide 766. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1968-646,3. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Card table in front of fireplace Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Three sleeveless waistcoats, England and France, 1775-85, silk embroidered with tambour work, backs of undecorated worsted wool Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Gown and accessories, England, France Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Corner cupboard with china Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Looking glass, England, c. 1720 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | The Home of George Wythe, Williamsburg, VA, mid-1750s Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | The Home of James Geddy, Jr., Williamsburg, VA, built 1762 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | "Doll with Fashionable Clothing," probably France, 1770-80, wood, gesso, glass and human hair; OH: 22 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1966-169. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Library, Thomas Everard House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Parlour, Wythe House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Bedroom, Thomas Everard House Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | George Wythe house Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Williamsburg house Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Dining Room, George Wythe House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Henry Bunbury, "The Dinner," London, March 5, 1794, colored stipple engraving; 16 1/2 x 19 3/8 in overall Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1954-698. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | East Bedroom, Peyton Randolph House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | John Collet, "Grown Gentlemen Taught to Dance," London, June 27, 1767, print; framed: OH: 14 1/2 in., OW: 12 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1952-153. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Parlour, Peyton Randolph House, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Crewel, England Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | House, Concord, MA, 1716 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Georgian door on Thomas Dane House, Concord, MA, c. 1656 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Parlor, Stencil House, Columbus, NY, 1790 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Parlor, Stencil House, Columbus, NY, 1790 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Parlor, Vermont House, Shelburne, VT, 1790, with card table Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Bedchamber, Dutton House, Cavendish, VT, 1782, with Queen Anne desk Karen Halttunen photo. The Shelburne Museum, Shelburne, VT. |
 | Longfellow Parlor, Wayside Inn, Sudbury, MA Copyright holder unknown. Longfellow's Wayside Inn, 72 Wayside Inn Rd, Sudbury MA 01776. |
 | Dining Room, Allen House, Deerfield, MA Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Richard Manning, Tall clock, Ipswich, MA, 1748-60 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Card table, NY, 1760-70 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Dressing-table, MA, 1720-35 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Elisha Dewolf (probably), Chest-on-chest, Conway or Ashfield, MA, 1795-1810 Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | High chest, New England, 1710-25, walnut and mahogany Karen Halttunen photo. The Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT. |
 | Matched side-chairs with needlepoint seats, Boston, MA, 1730-60 Karen Halttunen photo. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA. |
 | Crooked back chairs, often in sets of six or more Copyright holder unknown. National Museum of American History, PO Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution Bldg, Rm 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. |
 | Matched side-chairs, Williamsburg, VA Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Cotton White, Desk and bookcase, Hatfield, MA, 1790-1810 Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Punch bowl, 1784-1800, porcelain china Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Side chair with needlepoint seat, English, c. 1725 Karen Halttunen photo. Worcester Art Museum, Worcester, MA. |
 | South chamber, Dwight House, Deerfield, MA Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Sidechair, New York, NY, 1816-25, detail Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sidechair, New York, NY, 1816-25 Karen Halttunen photo. Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. |
 | Apothecary tile, Dwight House, Deerfield, MA Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Scallop-top chest on frame, possessed by Benjamin Munn III, Deerfield, MA, 1786; and William Jennys, Mrs. William Stoddard Williams, Deerfield, MA, 1801 Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Side chair, Boston, MA, 1735-65; japanned, c. 1810, with the arms of the Gardner Family Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. We are grateful for the generosity of Historic Deerfield. |
 | Ralph Earl, "Elijah Boardman," 1789, oil on canvas; 83 x 51 in. (210.8 x 129.5 cm)
Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Bequest of Susan W. Tyler, 1979 (1979.395). http://metmus.org. All rights reserved. |
 | Rufus Hathaway, "Portrait of Ezra Weston Jr.," Duxbury, MA, probably 1793, oil on canvas, unframed: 37 3/4 x 25 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1972.100.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Ralph Earl, "Portrait of David Baldwin," 1790, oil on canvas. Courtesy of The High Museum of Art, 1280 Peachtree Street, NE, Atlanta, GA 30309. Purchase in honor of Lawrence L. Gellerstedt, Jr., President of the Board of Directors, 1984-86, with funds from Alfred Austell Thornton in memory of Leila Austell Thornton and Albert Edward Thornton, Sr., and Sarah Miller Venable and William Hoyt Venable, 1985.221. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Ralph Earl, "Mary Ann Carpenter (Mrs. Thompson Forster)," 1779, oil on canvas, 47 3/4 x 35 3/8 in. (121.3 x 90 cm) Copyright Worcester Art Museum, 55 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609. All rights reserved. Museum purchase. (1916.2). Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Ralph Earl, "Elijah Boardman," 1789; oil on canvas; 83 x 51 in. (210.8 x 129.5 cm), a drygoods shopkeeper with new counting desk Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Bequest of Susan W. Tyler, 1979 (1979.395). http://metmus.org. All rights reserved. |
 | John Hesselius, "Ann Hanson," 1765, oil on canvas, 30-1/2 x 25-1/8". In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 68.21.1. Bequest of the Gertrude B. Merritt in memory of Juliana Hanson Bibb. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | Cornelius de Zeeuw, "Pierre de Moucheron and His Family, 1563." This patriarchal 16th century Dutch merchant family shows a typical gender and age hierarchy. Copyright The Rijksmuseum, Stadhouderskade 42, 1071 ZD Amsterdam, NETHERLANDS. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Rijksmusuem. |
 | Ralph Earl, "Mrs. Noah Smith and Her Children," 1798, oil on canvas, 64 x 85 3/4 in. (162.6 x 217.8 cm)
Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Gift of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, 1964 (64.309.1). http://metmus.org. All rights reserved. |
 | The De Peyster Limner, "The De Peyster Twins, Eva and Catherina," New York State, c. 1728; slightly wooden but some movement and animation Copyright holder unknown. The Metropolitan Museum of Art? |
 | Ad, Charles Willson Peale's Philadelphia Museum, 1829 Bob Perlongo, ed., "Early American Advertising," 1985, p. 94 |
 | D. Bowen, "The Elephant," Newburyport, MA, 1797, broadside; first elephant brought to U.S. The Peabody Essex Museum, East India Square, Salem, Massachusetts 01970 |
 | Mammoth skeleton, tusks down, at Peale's Philadelphia Museum, 1821, drawing Charles Coleman Sellers, "Mr. Peale's Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art," (New York: W. W. Norton & Co, Inc., 500 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10110, 1980) p. 145 |
 | Peale Museum ticket, showing new-born critters, 1788 Charles Coleman Sellers, "Charles Willson Peale," (New York: Scribner's, 1969) |
 | Model of Chinese woman's foot and leg, with silk shoe, Peale Museum, 1797 Copyright holder unknown. Charles Coleman Sellers, "Mr. Peale's Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art," (W. W. Norton & Co, Inc., 500 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10110, 1980) p. 35. Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA. |
 | Broadside for Peale's "mammoth" at Philadelphia Museum, c. 1802
The American Philosophical Society, 104 South Fifth St, Philadelphia, PA 19106-3387. In Charles Coleman Sellers, "Charles Willson Peale," (New York: Scribner's, 1969) |
 | Broadside for Albert Koch's "Missourium Theristrocaulodon" in Dublin, IR, c. 1843 Paul Semonin, "American Monster" (New York: New York University Press, 2000) p. 383 |
 | Fossilized bird's nest, Peale Museum, before 1825 Copyright Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Ben Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA 19103. All rights reserved. |
 | Salem Towne House, 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Salem Towne House, 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Side (garden), Salem Towne House, 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Front door, Salem Towne House, 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Large bedchamber, Salem Towne House, 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Fitch House, side, one room, 1737; a third added in late 18th century; ell c. 1820, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Thompson Bank, Greek revival, Thompson, CT, 1834-35, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Center hall, Salem Towne House, 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Front, Fitch House, one-room, 1737, three added in late 18th century, and ell c. 1820, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Front, Fitch House, one-room, 1737, three added in late 18th century, and ell c. 1820, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Fenno House hall-and-parlor, two over two, 1704, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Fitch House on right, meeting house and common in the center of village, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Thompson Bank, 1835, Fitch House, 1737; common/village center, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Fenno House hall-and-parlor, two over two, 1704, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Fanlight, Salem Towne House, 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | "The Peddler's Wagon," spreading gentility into countryside, 1868, engraving after C. G. Bush Harper's Weekly, June 20, 1868. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-134484 |
 | Carding machine, Old Sturbridge Village, MA; note hand tools Karen Halttunen photo. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. |
 | John Singer Sargent, "The Daughters of Edward Darley Boit," 1882, oil on canvas, 221.93 x 222.57 cm (87 3/8 x 87 5/8 in.) Copyright Yorck Project. Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of Mary Louisa Boit, Julia Overing Boit, Jane Hubbard Boit, and Florence D. Boit in memory of their father, Edward Darley Boit, 1919. Accession number: 19.124. |
 | Benjamin West, "Cupid and Psyche," 1808, oil on canvas, 54-1/4 x 56-1/4 in. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 10.1. Museum Purchase, Gallery Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | Unidentified Artist, "The Three Huidekoper Children," 1853, oil on canvas, 35" x 29" In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 53.1. Gift of Elizabeth H. Stabler. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Corcoran. |
 | Frederick R. Spencer, "Family Group," with nature's presence, 1840, oil on canvas, 29 1/8 x 36 in. (74 x 91.4 cm) Courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Pkwy, Brooklyn, NY 11238. Dick S. Ramsay Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Brooklyn Museum. |
 | Samuel F.B. Morse, "Little Miss Hone," 1824, oil on canvas mounted on plywood, 76.52 x 63.82 cm (30 1/8 x 25 1/8 in.)
Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Bequest of Martha C. Karolik for the M. and M. Karolik Collection of American Paintings, 1815-1865, 1948. Accession number: 48.455. |
 | Lecture room at Barnum's Museum, New York City, after 1842; note huge size and three tiers Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138 |
 | P.T. Barnum and Tom Thumb Copyright holder unknown. |
 | "Barnum's Living Wonders, Albino Family and Aztec Children," broadside, c. 1861 In Neil Harris, "Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum," 1973, p. 177. |
 | Joice Heth, George Washington's "nurse", age 161, 1835, poster Somers Historical Society, Inc., P.O. Box 652, Somers, CT 06071 |
 | Barnum's first American Museum, 1850, with oval portraits of animals between windows Barnum Museum, 820 Main St, Bridgeport, CT 06604 |
 | Anna Swan, Barnum's "Giantess" from Nova Scotia Copyright holder unknown. Mathew Brady Studio photo. |
 | Barnum's American Museum, New York, 1851-2 Barnum Museum, 820 Main St, Bridgeport, CT 06604 |
 | "Barnum's National Poultry Show Polka," 1850, sheet music Bridgeport Public Library, 925 Broad St, Bridgeport, CT 06604 |
 | C.P. Cranch, "Burning of Barnum's Museum," 1865. Courtesy of Pittsford Picture Framing Co., Inc., 18 South Main St, Pittsford, NY 14534. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Pittsford Picture Framing Co. |
 | Barnum's American Museum, rebuilt 1865, "539–541 Broadway, Between Spring and Prince Sts.," 1866, graphite and sepia wash
Copyright holder unknown. Eno Collection, New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018-2788. Meserve-Kunhardt Collection, 480 Bedford Rd, Chappaqua, NY 10514. Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr., Philip B. Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt. |
 | General & Mrs. Tom Thumb and Commodore Nutt with a Barnum employee Meserve-Kunhardt Collection, 480 Bedford Rd, Chappaqua, NY 10514. Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr., Philip B. Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt. |
 | Ad for Barnum's circus, "Savage and barbarous tribes," 1884 Location unknown. Pfening Archives. |
 | Barnum's "Feegee Mermaid," 1842, lithograph Meserve-Kunhardt Collection, 480 Bedford Rd, Chappaqua, NY 10514. Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr., Philip B. Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt. |
 | Lord and Taylor Dry Goods, building exterior, New York City, 1854 National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | I.M. Singer and Co., retail store with "genteel" environment, 1857 Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Aug. 29, 1857. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-132755 |
 | Hill Brothers Millinery Goods salesroom interior, New York City, 1885, ad poster Location unknown |
 | Domestic Sewing Machines behind plate-glass windows, New York City(?), c. 1874, ad poster Location unknown |
 | Kinley Department Store, Upper Sandusky, OH; departmentalization and high turnover Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | Grocery store credit book, mid- to late-19th century Collection of Advertising History, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Montgomery Ward Company, sectional view, Chicago, IL, c. 1870s Chicago Historical Society, 1601 N Clark St, Chicago, IL 60614 |
 | Henry Atwell Thomas, "Portrait of Buffalo Bill," c. 1888, poster Musée des Arts décoratifs, Palais du Louvre, 107 rue de Rivoli, Paris, FR. |
 | Ad, women and children at soda fountain drinking Coke, "healthy and happy" Coca-Cola Co., PO Box 1734, Atlanta, GA, 30301. In Anne Hoene Hoy, "Coca-Cola: The First Hundred Years," 1990, p. 27 |
 | Quaker Oats railroad cars, from ad booklet distributed at Columbian Exposition, Chicago, IL, 1893 The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | James McNeill Whistler, "Symphony in White No. 1: The White Girl," 1862, oil on canvas, 84 by 42 in. (214 by 108 cm). Copyright National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr, Landover, MD 20785. Harris Whittemore Collection. 1943.6.2. All rights reserved. www.nga.gov |
 | John Henry Belter workshop chair, rosewood, New York City, 1851-67 Location unknown. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Jonas W. Holman, "Portrait of Mrs. Seth Wilkinson (?)," New York, ca. 1825-30, oil on yellow poplar panel, 30 x 25 1/2 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1960.100.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Joseph Whiting Stock, "Portrait of William Howard Smith," Springfield, MA, 1838, oil on canvas, with engraving glued to canvas; 59 1/8 x 43 1/8 in. framed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. (1941.100.8). All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Thomas Hicks, "Bayard Taylor," with Damascus in background, 1855, oil on canvas Courtesy of The National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Victor Building, Suite 8300, MRC 973, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. All rights reserved. NPG.76.6. Our thanks to The National Portrait Gallery. |
 | William Henry Rinehart, "Sleeping Children," modeled 1859, carved 1869, marble, 18 3/8 x 36 3/4 x 18 3/4 in. Copyright holder unknown. (Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Benjamin H. Warder.?) |
 | Frederick Kemmelmeyer (attributed), "Charlotte Marsteller," 1803, oil on canvas, 29-3/4 x 24-1/4" In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 56.32. Museum purchase. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Doll factory owned by woman entrepreneur, AL, c. 1909. Courtesy of Yale University Press, PO Box 209040, New Haven, CT 06520-9040. In Miriam Formanek-Brunell, "Made to Play House: Dolls and the Commercialization of American Girlhood 1830-1930," 1993, p. 79. Our thanks to Yale Press. |
 | Mark Hanna as he actually looked and in caricature. Cartoon. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In American Heritage, XI, Dec. 1959, p. 35. 8.12.4, 11.2.4 |
 | "A Group of Vultures Waiting…(Let Us Prey)," 1871. The Tweed Ring. Thomas Nast cartoon, Harper's Weekly, 1871. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-ppmsc-05890. 8.12.4, 11.2.5, 11.2.4 |
 | "The Black Hand. What can honest labor do to rid itself of this brute?" This 1884 cartoon reflects the spirit of the more moderate nativists like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, who condemned illegal mob action in favor of more selective immigration controls. Captions on paper: "Socialism, Black Hand Society, To obtain our ends by any means." Captions on knives: "Assassination, Deceit, Murder." New York Daily Graphic, 1884. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 5, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 38. 8.12.4, 8.12.5 |
 | Poster ad for the Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, between Chicago and Omaha, late 1860s. "These palatial PULLMAN HOTEL CARS are run by no road except the Chicago & Northwestern Railway." A dining room scene. Note the folding upper bunks. In C. Hamilton Ellis, Railway Art, 1977, p. 53. 8.12.3, 8.12.4 |
 | Mrs. Grover Cleveland on her passage to visit friends in Memphis stayed in this Pullman parlor car, 1893. A private drawing room and flowers of well-wishers, and outside, a romantic Southern landscape. Harper's Weekly, 1893. In Lucius Beebe, Mr. Pullman's Elegant Palace Car, 1961, p. 175. 8.12.4 |
 | A Pullman car advertisement for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, 1879. "This is the only route running Pullman dining cars east from Omaha. This is the only route running Pullman sixteen-wheel drawing room sleeping cars in America…" Dining cars are presented here as showcases of a railroad's wares. In Lucius Beebe, Mr. Pullman's Elegant Palace Car, 1961, p. 25. 8.12.3, 8.12.4 |
 | The Pullman sleeping car "America," part of the Pullman exhibit at the Chicago Fair of 1893. Perhaps the most resolutely elegant car designed, its upholstery was royal blue and old-gold plush; electricity supplemented its nicely designed Pinsch gas fixtures, the berth fronts were of Honduran mahogany ornamented with a classic wreath and love-knot motif and its transoms were of leaded art glass let into a curved clerestory with intricate marquetry and gold inlay. Tufted headboards framed the lowers and velvet corded portieres set off the doorways. In Lucius Beebe, Mr. Pullman's Elegant Palace Car, 1961, p. 331. 8.12.4 |
 | Pullman's own private car, "Monitor," a super-deluxe sample and showcase of his palace car line. Built at Pullman in 1877 and known everywhere the rails were laid, its elegant appointments proved irresistible to rich men and executives, and orders poured into Pullman's book in its wake. A shrewd understanding of the value of publicity suggested that its owner place it at the disposal of every public figure of consequence for nearly three decades. Copyright holder unknown. In Lucius Beebe, Mr. Pullman's Elegant Palace Car, 1961, p. 400. 8.12.4 |
 | Pullman workers' houses, built 1879-84. Copyright holder and location unknown. 8.12.4 |
 | A Pullman lunchroom in the 1880s, detail. Eating in haste, passengers besiege a station lunch counter during the ten minute train stop. Poor food at vexing prices was the traveler's lot until the spread of dining cars and restaurant chains. See also LB-E-19. Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, The Life History of the United States, Vol. 8, 1974, pp. 162-3. 8.12.4 |
 | A Pullman lunchroom, detail. Eating in haste, passengers besiege a station lunch counter during the ten-minute train stop in the 1880s. Poor food at vexing prices was the traveler's lot until the spread of dining cars and restaurant chains. Detail of LB-E-20. Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, The Life History of the United States, Vol. 8, 1974, pp. 162-3. 8.12.4 |
 | A Pullman advertisement. A languid lady promotes the advanced accommodations of a Midwestern railroad. Outlined in her chair is the route of the road. 1880-1900. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZC2-4891. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, The Life History of the United States, Vol. 8, 1974, p. 159. 8.12.3, 8.12.4 |
 | Brilliant light secured at the Weston Electrical Works. "A flood of perfect North light illuminates every part of the great room, not a shadow or a dark corner to be found." 1905. Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal conditions of labor and housing, George W. Jacobs & Co., 1905, p. 91. 8.12.4 |
 | Homes built in place of shanties by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company. "The company houses contain from four to six rooms, well planned for comfort and convenience, furnished with water connections wherever possible…plenty of open land surrounds the quaint cubical wooden buildings, into which as much diversity is introduced as is consistent with economy and consequent low rents." 1905. Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal conditions of labor and housing, George W. Jacobs & Co., 1905, p. 391. 8.12.4 |
 | A Vandergrift (Pa.) street. "Attractive industrial village, chiefly inhabited by the employees of the American Sheet Steel Co....The houses are detached and for the most part picturesque, without disfiguring front fences." 1905. Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing, George W. Jacobs & Co., 1905, p. 394. 8.12.4 |
 | Houses at Pratt City, Birmingham, Alabama. "Part of Pratt City, near Birmingham in Alabama, was built by the Thomas Mine and Steel Company, but though a vast improvement on the local provision of houses for such workers, it is still below our ideals." 1905. Budgett Meakin, Model Factories and Villages: Ideal Conditions of Labour and Housing, George W. Jacobs & Co., 1905, p. 396. 8.12.4 |
 | George Mortimer Pullman. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In David F. Selvin, Eugene V. Debs, Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, Co., 1966, p. 73. 8.12.4 |
 | "Cyrus McCormick and Reaper from an old print of about...1831." However, the artist has the wrong date; "McCormick did not patent it until three years later, in 1834." Copyright holder unknown. Harry T. Peters Collection. In Fortune, Vol. 8, 1933, p. 23. 8.12.1, 8.12.4 |
 | First Grand Central Station, New York. The interior of the train-shed, 1869-71. At the time, the inside was the largest interior space in the U.S; the exterior façade was thought to echo the Louvre. This station was the Grand Terminus of Commodore Vanderbilt's New York Central System. Copyright holder unknown. The New York Central System is defunct. Photo by Isaac C. Buckhout and J.B. Snook. In Carroll L. Meeks, "The Railroad Station," 1956, Photo 98. 8.12.4, 11.2.5 |
 | First Grand Central Station, New York. The view from 42nd St. Copyright holder unknown. The New York Central System is defunct. In Carroll L. Meeks, "The Railroad Station," 1956, Photo 119. 8.12.4 |
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Charles Postel
CSUS Department of History