 | Lowell (?) Mill interior, c. 1845(?) Location unknown |
 | Delia Page, a Lowell worker about 19 years old, c. 1860, photo Copyright holder unknown. Mildred Tunis. |
 | Delia Page, a Lowell worker, close-up, c. 1860, photo Copyright holder unknown. Mildred Tunis. |
 | Carding engine, New England spinning mill, c. 1840 J.R. Barfoot, "The Progress of Cotton, 1835-40," a series of 12 prints. Slater Mill Historic Site, 67 Roosevelt Ave, Pawtucket, RI 02860 |
 | "Time Table of the Lowell Mills" showing hours of labor, 1851 Baker Library, Harvard Business School, Soldiers' Field, Boston, MA 02163 |
 | "Boardinghouse regulations, Middlesex Company," Lowell, MA, c. 1846 University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave, Lowell, MA 01854 |
 | Eastern Penitentiary, PA, 1820 The Free Library of Philadelphia, 1901 Vine St, Philadelphia, PA 19103 |
 | Tom Thumb in Scottish highlander costume, in Barnum show Copyright holder unknown. Meserve-Kunhardt Collection, 480 Bedford Rd, Chappaqua, NY 10514. Philip B. Kunhardt, Jr., Philip B. Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt. |
 | "Leopard Girl," Barnum's "leopard child" with abnormal pigmentation. Glass plate collodion negative. Frederick Hill Meserve Collection, National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Victor Building, Suite 8300 MRC 973, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. Mathew Brady photo. Meserve.1933.67 |
 | "Whale Fishery: The Sperm Whale 'In A Flurry,'" Currier and Ives, 1852 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. http://metmus.org. |
 | "Breaker Boys at Kohinoor Mines," Shenandoah City, PA, 1891 Frances Benjamin Johnston photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-2322 |
 | Jewish market scene, East Side, New York City, 1890-1901 Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. Gift, State Historical Society of Colorado, 1949. LC-D401-12426 |
 | "The Great Fire at Chicago, Octr. 8th, 1871," Currier and Ives, 1871 Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-14092 |
 | "Mullen's Alley," New York City, c. 1890 Jacob Riis photo. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10029. Jacob A. Riis Collection. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Child labor, Newton, North Carolina, 1908 Lewis Hine photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-nclc-01538 |
 | Street Arabs in the Area of Mulberry Street, New York City, 1890s Jacob Riis photo. The Jacob A. Riis Collection. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 5th Ave, New York, NY 10029. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Ad, Coca-Cola, for "all outings," 1906, lady in rowboat, man wearing boater Coca-Cola Co., PO Box 1734, Atlanta, GA, 30301. All rights reserved. In Anne Hoene Hoy, "Coca-Cola: The First Hundred Years," 1990, p. 35 |
 | Ad, Coca-Cola, "After the theater" at soda fountain, "relieves fatigue," 1906; cocaine was removed in 1903 Coca-Cola Co., PO Box 1734, Atlanta, GA, 30301. All rights reserved. In Anne Hoene Hoy, "Coca-Cola: The First Hundred Years," 1990, p. 31 |
 | National Biscuit, 1901, ad poster; boy in slicker, "In-Er-Seal" packages The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Mrs. Winslow's Soothing Syrup "for children teething," contained morphine, 1887, trade card Collection of Robert Jay. In Robert Jay, "The Trade Card in Nineteenth Century America," (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1987), fig. 65 |
 | "The Great Strike - The Sixth Maryland Regiment Fighting Its Way Through Baltimore," 1877 Harper's Weekly, Aug. 11, 1877, cover |
 | Men in parlor/reading room, Detroit, MI, 1896 Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | A contemporary artist’s rendering of the clash in Baltimore between workers and the Maryland Sixth Regiment during the Great Railroad Strike of 1877. The governor had called out the troops on behalf of the railroad company to quell strikes and riots resulting from the railroad's wage cuts. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., Vol. I, 1968, p. 497. In United Electrical, Radio & Machine Workers of America (UE) News Online, Wed., Oct. 30, 2002. 8.12.3, 8.12.6 |
 | "Last meeting of the Garment Workers' strike, 1913." Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America photo. UNITE HERE, 275 7th Ave, New York, NY 10001-6708. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 201. 8.12.3, 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "Strikers stopping trains at Martinsburg, on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad," July 1877. In James D. McCabe, The History of the Great Riots, National Publishing Co., 1877, p. 24. 8.12.6 |
 | The famous "Revenge." "Workingmen, To Arms we call you, to arms!" In German. Arbeiter Zeitung, Chicago, IL, May 3, 1886. In John S. Kebabian, The Haymarket Affair and the Trial of the Chicago Anarchists, 1886, H.P. Kraus, 1970, p. 27. 8.12.6 |
 | J.S. Coxey, President of the J.S. Coxey Good Roads Association of the United States, Massillon, Ohio. Henry Vincent, Mass Violence in America - Story of the Commonweal, 1894, reprinted by Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969, frontispiece. 8.12.6 |
 | Carl Browne, Secretary of the J.S. Coxey Good Roads Association of the United States. Henry Vincent, Mass Violence in America - Story of the Commonweal, 1894, reprinted by Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969, frontispiece. 8.12.6 |
 | The Coxey Army in Massillon, Ohio, 1894. St. Louis Public Library, 1301 Olive St, Saint Louis, MO 63103. In Henry Vincent, Mass Violence in America - Story of the Commonweal, 1894, reprinted by Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969, opp. p. 14. 8.12.6 |
 | Coxey's Army on the Ohio and Chesapeake Canal. St. Louis Public Library, 1301 Olive St, Saint Louis, MO 63103. In Henry Vincent, Mass Violence in America - Story of the Commonweal, 1894, reprinted by Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969, opp. p. 25. 8.12.6 |
 | Chinese shoe workers at work in Massachusetts, 1870. They were recruited by a special agent sent to San Francisco by the owner of the factory. The Granger Collection, 381 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, 1971, p. 240. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "Heat was always a problem on the Comstock. Long after the advent of Sutro's tunnel, it was the cause of cessation of deep mining. Good ore was left in the deeper levels when live steam and boiling water forced miners away. Miners are descending one of the shafts. The Comstock Lode, near Virginia City created one of the largest mining camps." Here Adolph Sutro tried to develop a perfect process for refining quartz ore. Copyright holder unknown. In Robert E. Stewart, Jr. and Mary F. Stewart, Adolph Sutro, A Biography, Howell-North, 1962, p. 46. 8.12.6 |
 | "A pilot tunnel was driven ahead at maximum speed by one crew while the enlargement and timbering were carried on by another. Candles attached along the wall in the pilot bore must have been duplicated in greater number behind the camera. This exposure must have taken a long time, as no men or mules can be seen. Economy of the operation is indicated by the wooden rails with thin strap iron on the running edges of the track. This was a method used in many of the 'depression' gold mines just a few years ago." Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Louis L. Stein, Jr. In Robert E. Stewart, Jr. and Mary F. Stewart, Adolph Sutro, A Biography, Howell-North, 1962, in section opp. p. 46. 8.12.6 |
 | "Methods of lowering ore. After the completion of the Sutro Tunnel the ore may be sent down the tunnel level into bins and cars by means of chutes as shown in the right-hand illustration; or it may be lowered in cars, E, placed on a cage with rope, D, attached, reaching to the surface, which is regulated by a breaker, B, controlled by one man, as shown on the left. The ore lowered from above in one compartment may be made to hoist men or timbers to any level in another compartment." Drawing. Copyright holder unknown. In Robert E. Stewart, Jr. and Mary F. Stewart, Adolph Sutro, A Biography, Howell-North, 1962, p. 76. 8.12.6 |
 | Hydraulic mining. In Charles Shinn, The Story of the Mine, D. Appleton and Co., 1908, p. 39. 8.12.6 |
 | Changing shifts at the Consolidated Virginia Mine, 1860s. Drawing. In Charles Shinn, The Story of the Mine, D. Appleton and Co., 1908, p. 94. 8.12.6 |
 | On the way to the mine, 1860s. In Charles Shinn, The Story of the Mine, D. Appleton and Co., 1908, p. 130. 8.12.6 |
 | Down in a gold mine, around the 1870s. Note the candles. In Charles Shinn, The Story of the Mine, D. Appleton and Co., 1908, p. 182. 8.12.6 |
 | The mouth of the shaft, late 1870s. Note the candles. In Charles Shinn, The Story of the Mine, D. Appleton and Co., 1908, p. 217. 8.12.6 |
 | The bottom of the shaft, late 1870s. Note the candle power. In Charles Shinn, The Story of the Mine, D. Appleton and Co., 1908, p. 234. 8.12.6 |
 | Charles Nordhoff, River Mining at Murderer's Bar, California, 1872. Drawing. In Glenn C. Quiett, Pay Dirt, D. Appleton-Century Co., 1936, p. 72. 8.12.6 |
 | Titusville, Pa. Detail of LB-O-1. Drake Well Museum, 202 Museum Lane, Titusville, PA 16354. Mather Collection. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. In American Heritage, Oct. 1966, p. 40. 8.12.6 |
 | Fire disaster. Fire and flood were constant threats to the oil towns. This is a view of Titusville, Pa. after the twin scourges devastated the area in 1892. Copyright holder unknown. Drake Well Museum, 202 Museum Lane, Titusville, PA 16354. Mather Collection. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. In American Heritage, Oct. 1966, p. 42. 8.12.6 |
 | Women in the oilfields. The strong, worn women tried to maintain the amenities in the very eye of the oil storm. Here they gather for a tea party on what was once the Tarr farm, just south of Titusville. Copyright holder unknown. Drake Well Museum, 202 Museum Lane, Titusville, PA 16354. Mather Collection. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. In American Heritage, Oct. 1966, pp. 44-5. 8.12.5, 8.12.6 |
 | Police station lodgers spending the night in the local jail. Urban industrial problems were exposed in a fictional story about Chicago near the turn of the century. 1900. Drawing. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 36. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "The police station breakfast - a bowl of steaming coffee and a piece of bread." 1900. Urban industrial problems were exposed in a fictional story about Chicago at the turn of the century. Drawing. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 42. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "Ma sent us to get some grub for supper. Ma's got three boarders only two of 'em ain't paid nothing of a month, and pa, he's drunk. He ain't got no job, but he went out to shovel snow today, and told ma that he'd bring her some money, but he came home drunk." 1900. Urban industrial problems were exposed in a fictional story about Chicago at the turn of the century. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 114. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "We've got some grub, ma!" Urban industrial problems were exposed in a fictional story about Chicago. 1900. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 118. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "An evasion of the factory system of production." Westside Chicago. Urban industrial problems, 1900. In Walter A. Wyckoff, The Workers, Charles Scribner's Sons Publishing, 1900, p. 236. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "Women were encouraged to enter the mills, to work at wages considerably lower than men. 'They have forced our wives to the mills to work alongside of us,' the workers were to state later, 'not that their wages be leveled up to men, but that the men be forced to compete with women.'" Copyright holder unknown. In Bill Cahn, Mill Town, Cameron & Kahn, 1954, p. 83. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "There was danger in the newly-built mills - for men, women and children. One cotton plant in Lawrence, the Pemberton mill, was constructed too rapidly. On January 10, 1860, the entire factory collapsed, burying 670 workers...an investigation concluded that 'defective pillars were...the primary cause of the disaster.'" In Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Jan. 21, 1860, p. 120. In Bill Cahn, Mill Town, Cameron & Kahn, 1954, p. 53. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | Grover Cleveland, 1892. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ61-89. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 552. 8.12.6 |
 | President Chester Arthur and a few of his fellow campers having lunch on the trail. (Yellowstone, 1883?) Copyright holder unknown. Sidney Mayer Collection. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 547. 8.12.6 |
 | Progress charts on President Garfield issued by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroads as he lay ill from an assassin's bullet. Western Reserve Historical Society, 10825 East Blvd., Cleveland, OH 44106. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 531. 8.12.6, 11.2.6 |
 | President Garfield as he lay wounded by an assassin's bullet, being probed by doctors who subsequently caused his death. Drawing. Ohio Historical Society, 1982 Velma Ave., Columbus, OH 43211. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, pp. 530-1. 8.12.6 |
 | President Garfield's assassination, 1881. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-7622. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 530. 8.12.6 |
 | Garfield as a preacher driving his hearers away with his powerful sermons. Cartoon. See also NP-D-28,29,30. Puck's life of Garfield. New York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 527. 8.12.6 |
 | Garfield as a boy is tossing his schoolbooks away, "loving Liberty." Cartoon. 1881? See also NP-D-27,29,30. Puck's Life of Garfield. New York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 527. 8.12.6 |
 | Garfield as a boy who hanged cats. 1881? Cartoon. See also NP-D-30,27,28. Puck's Life of Garfield. New York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 527. 8.12.6 |
 | Puck's Life of Garfield. 1881? Cartoon. See also NP-D-27-29. "Puck's Life of Garfield." New York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., II, 1968, p. 527. 8.12.6 |
 | Joseph Klir, "The Lost Bet," depicting a bet lost in Chicago in the 1892 campaign between Harrison and Cleveland. Painting. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-2113. In American Heritage, VII, 4, June 1956, p. 31. 8.12.6 |
 | James G. Blaine, Republican candidate, 1884. Copyright holder unknown. Fogg Art Museum at Harvard, Historical Photographs Collection. In American Heritage, XIII, 5, Aug. 1962, p. 6. 8.12.6 |
 | Cleveland and his crying baby. An anti-Cleveland political cartoon from "Judge", a Republican weekly, 1884. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-125626. In American Heritage, XIII, 5, Aug. 1962, p. 5. 8.12.6 |
 | The 1884 political campaign, showing James G. Blaine tattooed with scandals. He lost. Cartoon. Bernhard Gillam cartoon. Puck, 1884. In American Heritage, XIII, 5, Aug. 1962, p. 4. 8.12.6 |
 | "The Brains," Boss Tweed, 1871. The perfect image of the political corruptor, dressed in a suit, a dollar sign for a face. Cartoon. Thomas Nast cartoon. Harper's Weekly, 1871. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ6-787. 8.12.6, 11.2.5, 11.2.4 |
 | "A Business Alliance." Pope Leo XIII (at center) says, "Bless you, my children! I think we can work together nobly in America." Pictured with him are two cardinals and two strikers. In the note at the bottom Cardinal Manning states, "I have read with great assent Cardinal Gibbon's document in relation to the Knights of Labor." Anti-Catholic propaganda. See also the notes for RE-D-21. Joseph Keppler cartoon. Judge Magazine. In Mary and Gordon Campbell, The Pen, Not the Sword, Nashville, Tenn., 1970, p. 139. 11.3.3, 8.12.6 |
 | "The new ally of the Knights of Labor - does the Catholic Church sanction mob law?" Anti-Catholic cartoon. Joseph Keppler cartoon. In Mary and Gordon Campbell, The Pen, Not the Sword, Nashville, TN, 1970, p. 149. 11.3.3, 8.12.6 |
 | "A Business Alliance." Pope Leo XIII blesses two long-haired, disheveled, bewhiskered men labelled "Sympathetic Strike" and "Holy Boycott." Cardinals Manning and Gibbons assist in giving their blessing. Below in small print is Cardinal Manning's letter: "I have read with great assent Cardinal Gibbons' document in relation to the Knights of Labor: 'The world has been governed by dynasties; henceforth the Holy See will have to deal with the people, and it has bishops in close daily and personal contact with the people.' The more clearly and fully this is perceived the stronger Rome will be." See also RE-D-12. Joseph Keppler cartoon. Judge Magazine. In Mary and Gordon Campbell, The Pen Not the Sword, 1970, p. 139. 11.3.3, 8.12.6 |
 | The interior of Tammany Hall, decorated for a National Convention in 1888. A spectacular interior with bunting and flags everywhere, and an impressive dome. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-1222. In Daniel Boorstin, ed., American Civilization, 1972, p. 88. 8.12.6 |
 | Ad, Brownie Cameras. A picture of little brownie figures, but not quite those of Palmer Cox. "Any school-boy or girl can make good pictures with one of the Eastman Kodak Co.'s Brownie Cameras, $1.00." Eastman Kodak Co. Copyright Eastman Kodak Company, 343 State St., Rochester, NY 14650. All rights reserved. In St. Nicholas Magazine, Dec. 1900, advertising section, p. 34. 8.12.5 |
 | A newsboy, hawking James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald, 1843. Emphasis is given to the newsboy's role as a typical figure of the 19th century, "its walking idea, its symbol, its personification" and as an incarnation of "commercial man;" or, alternatively, of "Young America." Tibbs, as Neal calls him, necessarily learns the one great lesson of success: "He looks upon the community as a collective trout - a universal fish which must nibble at his bait, lie in his basket, and fill his frying pan. On this maxim, heroes have overrun the world." Author's collection. Joseph C. Neal's "Pennings and Pencillings About Town," 1843. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 179. 8.12.6 |
 | "Boys of '76'...The Liberty Boys' Brave Rescue; or, In the Nick of Time," by Harry Moore. "'You will not hang after all!,' cried Dick, a smile on his face, 'here are my brave Liberty Boys to the rescue now.' "Boys of '76,'" No. 42, Oct. 18, 1901. "A Weekly Magazine Containing Stories of the American Revolution." In American Heritage, Feb. 1956, p. 55. Seidman Americana Collection. 8.12.6 |
 | Horatio Alger, Jr., "A New York Boy," 1890. Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, "American Manners and Morals," 1969, p. 315. 8.12.6 |
 | "Fred Fearnot and the Reformed Drunkard; or, His Greatest Temperance Crusade," by Hal Standish, 1908. "Fred and Terry burst in the door and beheld a terrible scene, for the drunkard stood over the prostrate figure of his wife and in his insane frenzy lifted little Joe aloft to hurl him out of the window." "Work and Win, An Interesting Weekly for Young America," Feb. 21, 1908, No. 481. Seidman Americana Collection. In American Heritage, Feb. 1956, p. 52. 8.12.6 |
 | "Fred Fearnot's Newsboy Friend, or, A Hero in Rags," by Hal Standish, 1904. "Fred was about to rescue the child. But he saw a newsboy in ragged clothes drop an armload of papers. He dashed to the baby carriage, snatched the infant up in his arms, and sprang toward the sidewalk." "Work and Win. An Interesting Weekly for Young America," May 6, 1904, No. 283. Seidman Americana Collection. In American Heritage, Feb. 1956, p. 52. 8.12.6 |
 | "Fred Fearnot and the Orphan; or, The Luck of a Plucky Boy," by Hal Standish, 1904. "Fred, standing up in the wagon, yelled to Mary: 'Go back! Go back! Good Heavens, she is lost!' Just then he saw the boy dash forward, clasp her around the waist and by a desperate exertion drag her from between the rails just in time." "Work and Win, An Interesting Weekly for Young America," Jan. 8, 1904, No. 266. Seidman Americana Collection. In American Heritage, Feb. 1956, pp. 52-3. 8.12.6 |
 | "Fred Fearnot and the Bankrupt! or, Feretting Out a Fraud," by Hal Standish, 1903. "'Look at that mother and children, sir!' said Fred, 'made homeless by your heartless brutality. Your claim is fraudulent and you know it. Stop this thing instantly or I'll put you behind prison bars within a week.'" "Work and Win, An Interesting Weekly for Young America," Sept. 11, 1903, No. 249. Seidman Americana Collection. In American Heritage, Feb. 1956, pp. 52-3. 8.12.6 |
 | "Fame and Fortune Weekly. Stories of Boys Who Make Money....'Winning the Dollars; or The Young Winner of Wall Street,' by a Self-Made Man," c. 1903. The hero catches a well-dressed young boy falling from a skyscraper window. "Fame and Fortune Weekly," No. 53, c. 1903, front cover. 8.12.6 |
 | Ad, W.L. Douglas Shoes. Success story: "W.L. Douglas Pegging Shoes at Seven Years of Age [1852]....At the start [1876], W.L. Douglas was Buyer, Cutter, Salesman and frequently his own Expressman as well. W.L. Douglas frequently worked eighteen to twenty hours a day - returning to his factory many a night to lay out the next day's work, after spending the day in Boston buying leather and selling shoes." c. 1900. Finally, the firm was making 17,000 pairs of shoes daily....He was also Governor of Massachusetts. Frank Rowsome, Jr., "They Laughed When I Sat Down," 1959, p. 103. 8.12.6 |
 | Horatio Alger's potboilers featured heroes like Ragged Dick and others, all poor boys who rose to riches by one stratagem or another. The prolific Alger once dashed off a complete book in two weeks. Richard M. Ketchum, ed., "The Pioneer Spirit," American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y., 1959, p. 362. 8.12.6 |
 | "The Poorest Boy in New York, and How He Became Rich," 1901, by N.S. Wood, in "Work and Win;" and "Bowery Billy In Broadway, or Sandy the Sidewalk Sifter," 1906, by John R. Conway, in "Might and Main." Rags-to-riches theme. "Work and Win," New York City, Dec. 25, 1901, No. 186; and "Might and Main," New York City, June 9, 1906, No. 34. 8.12.6 |
 | Horatio Alger, Jr., "The Young Explorer," 1880. A boy with cap and suitcase stands optimistically in front of the Statue of Liberty. The story seems actually to be about adventures in Australia. Horatio Alger, Jr., "The Young Explorer; or, Among the Sierras," Loring Press, 1880. 8.12.6 |
 | Machine shop at the Wheeler and Wilson Manufacturing Company, 1870. Workmen individually assembled the Wheeler and Wilson sewing machine at worktables. Files and vises are visible. Peak production was reached in 1872 of 174,088 machines, all by highly subdivided hand labor. Scientific American, May 3, 1879. In David A. Hounshell, "From the American System to Mass Production," 1984, p. 71. 8.12.6 |
 | "Tenement house tobacco strippers. Children work, despite the laws against their employment," 1888. Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Jan. 28, 1888. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 140. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | Boy with bundle of homework - garment industry, 1909. Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY, 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 176. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | Cartoon, "American Gold…in the United States - Working for It; in Ireland - Waiting for It." 1882. Inserts at top: Irish woman bending over washtub; Irishmen collecting for "agitation and disturbance fund." Large panels depict typical Irish-American occupations: day laborers, hod carriers and brick layers. The Irish scene shows a ship bringing remittances and relief to the starving, improvident Irish. Puck, May 1882. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.6 |
 | Cartoon of Irish maid, "Bridget...Our Self-Made Cooks - From Paupers to Potentates....They are Evicted in the Old Country, But in America They Do All the Evicting Themselves." Drawn by Frederick Opper around 1884, then reprinted in a special number of Puck's Library devoted to "Help." It made fun of the American middle- and upper-class housewife's continuing effort to train and retain and keep in her place "Bridget," the Irish maid. In the left panel, a barefooted, poverty-stricken Irish girl and a waiting official with eviction orders. In the right panel, the same girl, now in the U.S., hired out as a "cook," with a complete lack of knowledge of an up-to-date household, but the Queen of an American kitchen, taking advantage of her new position. Puck's Library, July 1888. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.6 |
 | "Evolution of the Anarchist." On the alleged tendency of "new" immigrants to carry the "germ" of anarchism and socialism, and to abuse the freedom of speech guaranteed by American law. The cartoon shows the result of the anti-anarchist climate created by the Haymarket Riot. The assassination of Pres. McKinley in 1901 led to a law excluding anarchists from immigration. A cartoon parody of immigrants at Castle Garden. Puck, May 11, 1887. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.6, 8.12.7 |
 | "A Question of Labor." An anti-Irish immigration illustration, 1888. Harper's Weekly, Sept. 29, 1888. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 280. 8.12.6 |
 | The Pullman Strike. 1894. A row of tents, homes for troops in the Pullman strike, lines a Chicago street. The famed artist Frederic Remington, sketching the strike for Harper's, damned it as a "rape of government." Leslie's Illustrated Weekly, July 19, 1894, p. 40. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, The Life History of the United States, Vol. 7, 1974, p. 93. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | The Pullman Strike, Chicago, 1894. A fleet of boxcars, set ablaze during the Pullman strike, burns fiercely in a Chicago yard. With rail traffic snarled, supplies dwindled and a meat famine threatened the Midwest. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, The Life History of the United States, Vol. 7, 1974, p. 93. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | National Guardsmen firing into an angry mob of demonstrators during the Chicago Pullman strike of 1894. Drawing. Harper's Weekly, 1894. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., Vol. II, 1968, pp. 572-3. 8.12.3, 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "A special patrolling train on the Rock Island Railroad, guarded by Company C of the 15th U.S. Infantry, shown at Blue Island, Illinois, during the Pullman Strike, 1894." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In David F. Selvin, Eugene Debs, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, Co. 1966, p. 111. 8.12.3, 8.12.6 |
 | "The Vanguard of Anarchy." 1894. Another caricature of Debs. Harper's Magazine, July 21, 1894. In David F. Selvin, Eugene Debs, Lothrop, Lee & Shepard, Co. 1966, p. 120. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | W.A. Rogers cartoon, "King Debs," 1894. Harper's Weekly, 1894. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-106100. In Irving Werstein, The Great Struggle - Labor in America, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965, p. 133. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen: lithographed membership certificate issued at about the time Debs became active in the union." Feb. 1875. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In David F. Selvin, Eugene V. Debs, Lothrop, Lee and Shepard, Co., 1966, p. 32. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | John L. Lewis, President of the United Mine Workers, 1920-60. A dramatic shot of his gesturing to make a point, 1936. Labor czar Lewis blasts Republican Presidential candidate Alf Landon as a "pitiful puppet responsible to the steel industry." Harris & Ewing photograph, Gilloon Agency. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, DC20540. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, This Fabulous Century, IV, 1930-40, 1970, p. 163. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | John L. Lewis, President of the United Mine Workers, in miner's cap and with soot on his face, surveying the March 25, 1947, mine explosion in Centralia, Illinois that killed 111 miners. Reprinted with permission of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, copyright 1951. St. Louis Post- Dispatch, 900 N. Tucker Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63101. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Post-Dispatch. In M.B. Schnapper, American Labor, 1972, p. 513. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Auto workers' sit-down strike in the Dodge plant in Detroit, 1936. Workers are looking out of plant windows. Signs: "We will hold the fort with you;" "Injunction will not produce cars;" "10 Days Now…." Copyright holder unknown. Photoworld, Inc., 522a Third Ave., New York, NY 10016. In William Cahn, Pictorial History of American Workers, 1972, p. 262. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Coxey's Army on its way to Washington to petition for relief from mass unemployment, 1894. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., Vol. II, 1968, pp. 572-3. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Jacob Coxey in jail, May 1894. Coxey, the utterly respectable rebel. With him in the cage are Christopher Columbus Jones, a lieutenant, and (at right) Coxey's principal aide, Carl "Old Greasy" Browne, carnival barker, artist, and sometime seller of Kickapoo Indian Remedy. General Coxey was "the most dangerous man since the Civil War" (source unknown). Poem: "And so they did at Washington when Coxey's army came, The millionaires got out and said that Coxey was to blame. For marching on the Capitol with such a Commonweal, Composed of men who would not 'put their shoulders to the wheel.' But when you say that there are men who only care to shirk, You must get out yourself and try to find a little work. With money scarce and business dull, and then see how you feel. Your shoulder may be willing but you cannot find the wheel." - Chesterfield A. Myers. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In American Heritage, Dec. 1966, p. 24. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "Eugene Debs as a young man." Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In David F. Selvin, Eugene V. Debs, 1966, p. 26. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "William Sylvis, an iron molder, was one of the first organizers of America's national unions. He also built and headed the country's first national labor federation." Tamiment Library, New York University, 6 Washington Place, New York, NY 10003. In Milton Meltzer, Bread and Roses - The Struggle of American Labor 1865-1915, Alfred A. Knopf, 1967, p. 78. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Terence F. Powderly, Grand Master Workman of the Knights of Labor. Elected 1879, retained the position for 14 years. "Symbol of irresolution and ineffectuality," p. 78. Harris & Ewing photo. Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Herbert Harris, American Labor, Yale University Press, 1938, p. 80. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "Labor and poverty, with strike their only weapon, fight big business, which is mounted on monopoly and armed with arrogance, corrupt legislature and a subsidized press." Cartoon, 1883. In Irving Werstein, Strangled Voices - The Story of the Haymarket Affair, Macmillan Co., 1970, p. 7. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Samuel Gompers in a speaking pose. "The 28-year-old Samuel Gompers posed for a portrait in 1878, when he was president of the Cigar Makers International Union Local 144 (CMIU) in New York. His experiences during the depression of the 1870s and with German American socialists in the CMIU shaped what he called his 'practical' labor philosophy." Copyright holder unknown. George Meany Memorial Archives. In Bernard Mandel, Samuel Gompers, The Antioch Press, 1963, p. 248. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Gompers' favorite cartoon: "No Longer the Man with the Hoe," by J.M. Baer, 1921. In Bernard Mandel, Samuel Gompers, The Antioch Press, 1963, p. 249. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Slogans and stickers of the IWW. In Irving Werstein, The Great Struggle, Labor in America, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965, p. 145. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | A collection of the badges of the commonweal. Theme of the badges: "Peace on earth." St. Louis Public Library, 1301 Olive St., St. Louis, MO 63103. In Henry Vincent, Mass Violence in America - Story of the Commonweal, 1894; reprint by Arno Press and The New York Times, 1969, p. 118. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | I.W.W., "Songs...To Fan the Flames of Discontent." Early edition. Collection of Archie Green, Urbana, IL. In Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Salt Lake City, 1969, p. 232. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | I.W.W., "Songs...To Fan the Flames of Discontent." Early edition. Collection of Archie Green, Urbana, IL. In Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Salt Lake City, 1969, p. 232. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | I.W.W., "Songs...To Fan the Flames of Discontent." Early edition. Author's collection. In Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Salt Lake City, 1969, p. 238. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | I.W.W., "Songs...To Fan the Flames of Discontent." Early edition. Collection of Archie Green, Urbana, IL. In Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Salt Lake City, 1969, p. 238. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Anti-Knights of Labor cartoon poster. The Knights are associated with violence and anarchy, controlling workers with leading strings. "Just You Wait!!" This cartoon from Puck taunts the Catholic Church, showing the Vatican hurling excommunication at McGlynn for supporting the doctrine of Henry George. Anti-Catholic views of labor. Joseph Keppler cartoon. Puck Magazine, June 22, 1887. In Socialist Labor Party, Golden Jubilee, 1890-1940, p. 9. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | A worker holding his CIO (Congress of Industrial Organizations) membership book, 1938. Dorothea Lange photo. FSA/OWI Collection. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USF34-T01-018613-C. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "The New Ally of the Knights of Labor - Does the Catholic Church Sanction Mob Law?" What Cardinal Gibbons calls "Taking the part of the 'weaker' - the Knights of Labor - 'against the stronger' - (the scab)." Cartoon representing the reactionary but anticlerical capitalists, glorifying the scab. c. 1880? Puck Magazine. In Socialist Labor Party, Golden Jubilee, 1890-1940, p. 46. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Union members are shown as puppets controlled by anarchists in this 1886 cartoon ridiculing the Central Labor Union. Stock Montage, Inc., 6970 W. Diversey, Unit 1-R, Chicago, IL 60707. In Irving Werstein, Strangled Voices - The Story of the Haymarket Affair, Macmillan Co., 1970, p. 78. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "First annual picnic of the Knights of Labor," 1882. Joseph Keppler cartoon. Puck, 1882. In Irving Werstein, The Great Struggle, Labor in America, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1965, p. 105. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "[Joe]Hill hoped 'The Rebel Girl' would attract more women to the ranks of the IWW, the International Workers of the World." Collection of Archie Green, Urbana, IL. In Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Salt Lake City, 1969, p. 32. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | "Discriminate Against Inferior Unclean Sweat-shop Clothing. Insist Upon the... Union Label." Saturday Evening Post, March 8, 1902. In Ray Brosseau, Looking Forward: Life in the 20th Century as predicted in the pages of American magazines from 1895 to 1905. American Heritage Press, 1970, p. 335. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Joe Hill's call for working class solidarity appeared on this sheet music, presented after his death. Note the slogan in the upper right, from his last words before execution: "Don't waste any time in mourning - organize." Collection of Archie Green, Urbana, IL. In Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Salt Lake City, 1969, p. 29. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | The IWW issued stickers promoting solidarity and workers' power. "Solidarity takes the whole works--join the one big union," "I Won't Work more than 8 hours after May 1st 1912--how about you?" "A bird that lays such rotten eggs is long overdue for extinction--capitalism and unemployment, dictators, war." Collection of Archie Green, Urbana, IL. In Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Salt Lake City, 1969, p. 8. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | In one big union the strength of all organized workers would converge to a common center, according to the I.W.W. (The International Workers of the World). In Gibbs M. Smith, Joe Hill, Salt Lake City, 1969, p. 3. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Samuel Gompers addressing the Jewish shirtwaist makers in the Great Hall of the Cooper Union during the general strike of 1909. By this time the old tenement sweatshops had mostly been eliminated, but there were new complaints about poor working conditions in the factories and the lack of union recognition. Copyright holder unknown. Brown Brothers, 100 Bortree Road, P.O. Box 50, Sterling, PA, 18463-0050. In Ronald Sanders, The Downtown Jews, New York, Harper and Row, 1969, after p. 306. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | The cover of a weekly publication issued by the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company emphasized that the company officials were equally concerned with the employees' working conditions and their homes. 1902. In Camp and Plant, April 26, 1902. In Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream, 1981, p. 187. 8.12.1, 8.12.6 |
 | Heinz Bottling Room, detail. "A hundred girls pack pickles…at a penny a bottle..." See LB-W-10. "Known in his time as 'The Prince of Paternalism,' Heinz gave his workers free medical and dental care, a gymnasium, a swimming pool, roof gardens, a library, free lectures, and lessons in such useful arts as cooking, sewing, and drawing...But these were the rewards of honest labor. Heinz motto: If you want pleasure you just toil for it." When the workers were on the job, management saw to it that they kept busy. Courtesy of H.J. Heinz Co., 600 Grant St., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Company. In American Heritage, Feb. 1972, p. 37. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "Heinz Co. girls'[sic] dining room. Each girl had her assigned place in the girls' dining room, where she had half an hour a day to eat her lunch while she listened to music provided by a talented colleague at the piano. The company had four other dining rooms: one for male factory workers, one each for male and female office workers, and one for top-ranking company officials (male, of course)." Courtesy of H.J. Heinz Co., 600 Grant St., Pittsburgh, PA 15219. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Company. In American Heritage, Feb. 1972, p. 39. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | Diagram of the hog de-assembly line, meat-processing yard of Chicago. Titles run from left to right, top to bottom. The office, killing benches, fire department. Section No. 4 chaining room, cutting room, section of tank room. Lard cullers, filling and cooperage, inspection and packing for foreign markets, boiler room, sausage department, curing room, polishing, canning dept., filling by machine, meat untouched by hand, soldering and labeling. The Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Daniel J. Boorstin, ed., American Civilization, 1972, pp. 112-3. 8.12.6, 11.2.1 |
 | "A Strong Man at the Head of Government," summed up U.S. Grant's two administrations at a time of wholesale corruption. 1880. Cartoon. Puck Magazine, 1880. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-5606. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 477. 8.12.2, 8.12.6 |
 | An anti-Grant cartoon, "In For It," shows a full barrel of corruption. Location unknown. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 465. 8.12.6 |
 | Edward Moran, "Liberty Lighting the World's Commerce," 1876. This work was prominently displayed at key fund-raising events in New York City. Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Kat Hellman. In James B. Bell and Richard Abrams, "In Search of Liberty," 1984, p. 28. 8.12.5, 8.12.6 |
 | A female worker attends a cotton loom. The development of machinery, which allowed inexperienced operators to make cloth cheaply, stimulated textile manufacturing in New England. The Yale University Art Gallery, P.O. Box 208271, New Haven, CT 06520-8271. In Francis Russell and the Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage History of The Making of the Nation," 1968, p. 287. 8.12.6 |
 | Telephone operators were usually women, from the start. These "Hello Girls" are at a "Lampshade switchboard," 1882. The Keystone View Co., New York, NY, is defunct. In Oliver O. Jensen, "The Revolt of American Women," 1971, p. 84. 8.12.6 |
 | "Early strikers at the Cabot Mill in Brunswick, Maine, mob a top-hatted representative of management in 1870." Culver Pictures, 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. In Oliver O. Jensen, "The Revolt of American Women," 1971, p. 82. 8.12.6, 11.6.5 |
 | Women harvesting hops on an upstate New York farm, c. 1880s. Richard Vang, "The Past, Present, and Yes, Future of the Hops Industry," Upstate Alive Magazine, Cooperstown, NY, 1996, 1:4. 8.12.6 |
 | "The Blood Stain in the Passage," 1858, typical of purely utilitarian illustrations accompanying news stories on murder in the weeklies. Harper's Weekly, Oct. 30, 1858. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 270. 8.12.6 |
 | Dutch Hill, a region along the East River, New York. 1860. This village of filthy shanties was occupied by immigrant laborers who moved ahead of the advancing urban frontier. "Painful as it may be to dwell upon such scenes, they must not be blinked at by society...Let the public look at these plague-spots - the dark background of our civilization - and devise measures to remove it, if such a thing be possible." New York Illustrated News, Feb. 1860. Author's collection. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 271. 8.12.6 |
 | "Background of Civilization." 1860. The interior of Mr. John Bradley's cottage, showing his family and fellow lodgers. "Let the public look at these plague-spots - this dark background of our civilization - and devise measures to remove it, if such a thing be possible." The Dutch Hill region along the East River between 38th and 44th Streets was a village of immigrant laborers' shanties. New York Illustrated News, Feb. 1860. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 271. 8.12.6 |
 | Interview with the John Glennan family at Dutch Hill, a poverty area of New York City on the East River between 28th and 44th Streets. 1860. "Painful as it may be to dwell upon such scenes, they must not be blinked by society. Let the public look at these plague-spots - this dark background of our civilization - and devise measures to remove it, if such a thing be possible." The New York Illustrated News, Feb. 1860. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to The Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 371. 8.12.6 |
 | "Along the Docks of New York," 1871. Harper's Weekly, Feb. 11, 1871. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 320. 8.12.6 |
 | Girls in a factory. "The Little Laborers of New York," 1873. More than 100,000 minor children were employed in factories in and around the city. An illustration for a Charles Loring Brace article. Harper's Magazine, Aug. 18, 1873. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 339. 8.12.6 |
 | A night school for children. "The Little Laborers of New York," 1873. The Children's Aid Society maintained "night schools where boys and girls who labor all day can acquire a little education at night." There were already, Brace noted, more than 60,000 New Yorkers who could neither read nor write and child labor threatened to "swell this ignorant throng." An illustration for a Charles Loring Brace article. Harper's Magazine, Aug. 1873. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 339. 8.12.6 |
 | The House of Refuge was a model institution for its time. People came from all over the world to study its methods of rehabilitating juvenile delinquents. However, only 700 boys and girls were under its hospitable roof in 1871, while an estimated 10,000 were "adrift in the streets" - destitute, begging and prowling in gangs. An illustration for an article entitled, "New York House of Refuge," 1871. Appleton's Journal, March 18, 1871. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 339. 8.12.6 |
 | Girls' dormitory, New York House of Refuge. An illustration from an article by B.K. Peirce on the "New York House of Refuge," 1871. See also UR-H-32. Appleton's Journal, March 18, 1871. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 339. 8.12.6 |
 | Sister Irene at the New York Foundling Asylum. Not even the most devoted charity could more than scratch the surface of urban misery in the late 1880s. Jacob Riis photo. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to The Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 390. 8.12.6 |
 | Prayer time at the Five Points House of Industry, New York City, 155 Worth Street, late 1880s. Jacob Riis photo. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to The Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 390. 8.12.6 |
 | "A Midnight Visit to one of the Cheap Lodging Houses in Water Street." Matt Morgan engraving, drawn "from Life." An illustration for a series of articles on "Our Homeless Poor," 1872. The subtitle of the series was: "How the Other Half Lives," one of the concerns of the 1870s. Eighteen years later, Jacob Riis used the phrase as the title of his famous book. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, March 9, 1872. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 349. 8.12.6 |
 | The new factories sent wagons into the countryside to recruit "rosy-cheeked maidens" to work in the city mills. In time the recruiting wagons came to be known as "slavers." Copyright holder unknown. In Bill Cahn, "Mill Town," 1954, Cameron & Kahn, p. 45. 8.12.6 |
 | Children, too, were sent into the factories as a means, as the mill owners put it, "to keep them from mischief." Copyright holder unknown. In Bill Cahn, "Mill Town," 1954, Cameron & Kahn, pp. 48-9. 8.12.6 |
 | The Lawrence Mill on the Merrimac River. Copyright holder unknown. In Bill Cahn, "Mill Town," 1954, Cameron & Kahn, p. 35. 8.12.6 |
 | Winslow Homer, "The Morning Bell," 1873. Harper's Weekly, December 13, 1873. In Lloyd Goodrich, "Winslow Homer’s America," Tudor Publishing, 1969, p. 110. 8.12.6 |
 | Winslow Homer, "...for those who throw the clanking shuttle to and fro," from the book "Song of the Sower," 1871. Lowell National Historic Park. In Lloyd Goodrich, "Winslow Homer’s America," Tudor Publishing, 1969, p. 111. 8.12.6 |
 | Workers in the new plants were mostly women. Hours were from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m., six days a week. Wages averaged about $1.50 for the 6 days. One poet of the era wrote: "Oh! Isn’t it a pity/That such a pretty girl as I/Should be sent to the factory/To pine away and die." In Bill Cahn, "Mill Town," 1954, Cameron & Kahn, p. 45. 8.12.6 |
 | A hoop skirt factory, about 1860. It supplied "healthy and lucrative employment" to about 1,000 young women. Smart "girls" could easily make four dollars a week. The sign against the wall for all to see reads: "Strive to Excel." Harper's Weekly, 1857-60. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Adventures of America," 1938, Plate 30. 8.12.6 |
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