 | The Plant of the Merrimack Manufacturing Co., Lowell, MA, 1850 Lowell Historical Society, 115 John St, 4th Fl., Lowell MA 01852. In John Coolidge, "Mill and Mansion: A Study of Architecture and Society in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1820- 1865," 1942, fig. 2 |
 | Torture by the Spanish Inquisition Rev. Cyrus Mason, "A History of The Holy Catholic Inquisition, Complied from Various Authors" (Philadelphia, 1835), 156, 157. The American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. In American Historical Review, April 1995, p. 314 |
 | "No more Chinese cheap labor," exclusionist, c. 1880, anti-Chinese trade card, Celluloid Collars The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave, between 12th and 14th Sts, NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | "Sam'l of Posen, The Commercial Drummer," a Jewish theatrical production, Cincinnati and New York, 1882, ad poster The National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave, between 12th and 14th Sts, NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu. |
 | Slovak immigrants, Ellis Island, NY, 1906 Copyright holder and location unknown. Lewis Hine photo. In Alan Trachtenberg, "America and Lewis Hine," 1977, p. 98. |
 | "Old Jewish Couple," Lower East Side, New York City, 1910 Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. Our thanks to the Museum. All rights reserved. In Alan Trachtenberg, "America and Lewis Hine," 1977, p. 77. |
 | Immigrants dining at Ellis Island, NY, 1907. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. |
 | "Welcome to All!" Uncle Sam welcomes immigrants of all nationalities as clouds of war approach, 1880 J. Keppler cartoon, Puck, April 28, 1880. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-954 |
 | "A word of Caution to our Friends, the cigar-makers," 1877, anti-Chinese appeal Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 1877. |
 | "Steelworkers at Russian Boarding House, Homestead, Pennsylvania," 1907-08 Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. Our thanks to the Museum. All rights reserved. |
 | Chinese immigrants at the San Francisco customs house, CA, 1877, drawing Harper's Weekly, Feb. 3, 1877. The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-6000 |
 | "Emigrants Coming to the 'Land of Promise,'" c. 1902, stereograph William H. Rau photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-7307 |
 | "Talmud School on Hester Street," New York City, c. 1910? Jacob Riis photo. The Jacob A. Riis Collection. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 5th Ave, New York, NY 10029. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Jews at Ellis Island, 1904, NY Copyright holder unknown. Lewis Hine photo. In Alan Trachtenberg, "America and Lewis Hine," 1977, p. 69. |
 | "Street of the Gamblers," Chinatown, San Francisco, CA, 1898 Arnold Genthe photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-G403-0139-A |
 | Hungarian family arriving in U.S., n.d. (1910?) Copyright holder unknown. The National Park Service, The United States Dept. of the Interior, 1849 C St, NW, Washington DC 20240 |
 | "Italian Family Looking for Lost Baggage," Ellis Island, NY, 1905 Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Immigrants crowd deck of Atlantic liner, 1906 Edwin Levick photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-11202 |
 | "Immigrant Landing Station," Ellis Island, NY, from the water, c. 1905 Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-37784 |
 | "Young Russian Jewess at Ellis Island," NY, 1905 Lewis Hine photo. The Estate of Lewis Hine. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Ferris wheel, Columbian Exposition, Chicago, IL, 1893 Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. Photographer unknown. |
 | Uncle Sam Range, "Uncle Sam's Little Dinner Party," New York, 1876, ad poster; Centennial Exposition in background; Schumacher & Ettlinger, New York Negative File Catalog No. 56261, Print Room, The New-York Historical Society,170 Central Park W, New York, NY 10024. In Norman A. Graebner, "A History of the American People," 1970, p. 447 |
 | Jacob Mithelstadt and family, Russian-German immigrants, 1905 Copyright Statue of Liberty National Monument, National Park Service, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Liberty Island, NY 10004. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Park Service. |
 | "The Chinese Invasion." Montage of cartoons commenting on the anti-Chinese movement in San Francisco, and on the presumed desire of Chinese in New York to be servants, how they will replace the Irish, and how they will organize to insist "The Irish must go." 1880. J. Keppler cartoon. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-103143. In Mary and Gordon Campbell, The Pen, Not the Sword, 1970, p. 100. Cartoon from Judge. 8.12.5, 8.12.7 |
 | Song sheet cover, "The Heathen Chinee," printed in Cleveland, Ohio, 1870. Words by Bret Harte. Verses recount the attempt of Truthful James and his partner, Bill Nye, to cheat Ah Sin, a Chinese gambler, at euchre. Ah Sin, who pretends ignorance of the game, manages to cheat the would-be cheaters...It is sometimes said that Hart meant to satirize those who regarded Chinese as "peculiar" and untrustworthy, but that the general public regarded the verses as an expose of Chinese deceitfulness. The last stanza reads, "Which is why I remark, And my language is plain, That for ways that are dark, And for tricks that are vain, The heathen Chinee is peculiar, Which the same I am free to maintain." The Daniel K.E. Ching Collection, The Chinese Historical Society of America, 965 Clay St., San Francisco, CA 94108. In Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, The Distorted Image 1850-1922, 1973. 8.12.5, 8.12.7 |
 | "Be Just - Even to John Chinaman," 1893. A judge says to Miss Columbia, "You allowed that boy to come into your school, it would be inhuman to throw him out now - it will be sufficient in the future to keep his brothers out." Note the ironing board and opium pipe carried by the Chinese. An Irish American holds up a slate with the slogan "Kick the Heathen Out; He's Got No Vote." Judge Magazine, June 3, 1893. In Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, The Distorted Image 1850-1922, 1973. 8.12.7 |
 | Hayes vetoing the Anti-Chinese bill. 1879. Cartoon. Puck, March 5, 1879, cover. Wesley Day Collection. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC2-1239. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, p. 1968, p. 511. 8.12.7 |
 | WRONG CAT "American Autumn, Starucca Valley, Erie Railroad," 1865. A tiny train in the far distance and small figures in the foreground. After an oil painting by Jasper F. Cropsey. Chromolithograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-1281. In Peter C. Marzio, The Democratic Art, 1979, plate 23. 8.12.7 |
 | Fanny Palmer, "Across the Continent: Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way: The Transcontinental Dream." Currier and Ives chromolithograph, 1868. Note the stereotypic figures of Indians at lower right overseeing this "progress." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-ppmsca-03213. In C. Hamilton Ellis, Railway Art, 1977, p. 47. 8.12.7 |
 | "American Express Train," 1864. Brightly painted cars and elaborately decorated locomotive express, and in the background a side-wheel steamboat. Currier and Ives chromolithograph. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In C. Hamilton Ellis, Railway Art, 1977, p. 46. 8.12.7 |
 | "They all do it," Irish power, 1889. Politicians and other public figures bow low before the giant personification of the Irish-American vote. In the middle are Pres. Cleveland, Pres. Harrison, James G. Blaine, Joseph Pulitzer of The New York World, then the New York Times; behind Pulitzer may be President Grant; another is Cox. Cartoon. Puck, April 3, 1889. In Daniel Boorstin, ed., American Civilization, 1972, p. 43. 11.3.3, 8.12.7 |
 | "Polish Jews in Czestochowa, 1914." Copyright holder unknown. Corbis Corp., 710 Second Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98104. United Press International photo. In Oscar Handlin, Immigration, 1972, p. 205. 8.12.7 |
 | "The Steerage," 1911. Immigrants board ship. Alfred Stieglitz photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-62880. In Beaumont Newhall, History of Photography, 1949, p. 145. 8.12.7 |
 | Steerage passengers. The "huddled masses," steerage passengers who came by the thousands between 1880 and 1914 to escape the unbearable conditions in Eastern Europe. Edwin Levick photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-11202. In American Heritage, Oct. 1966, p. 2. 8.12.7 |
 | Italian family looking for lost baggage, Ellis Island. "The immigrants came. Thousands entered the mills of Lawrence [Mass.] The city became a center for a score of nationalities, eager to work, to earn, to raise their families in this new land." Lewis Hine photo. Lewis Hine Collection. The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY, 14607. Our thanks to the George Eastman House. In Bill Cahn, Mill Town, Cameron & Kahn, 1954, p. 73. 8.12.7 |
 | Italian women with baby, Ellis Island. "Industry needed more workers…urgently. So postcards and posters were dispatched to nations overseas to attract people to our shores. Posters showed a working man leaving a factory in Lawrence, Mass. He carried a suitcase full of gold. And in the distance was the bank to which he was taking it. Thousands risked the long trip to come to the new land of opportunity." Lewis Hine photo. Lewis W. Hine Memorial Collection. The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY, 14607. Our thanks to the George Eastman House. In Bill Cahn, Mill Town, Cameron & Kahn, 1954, p. 70. 8.12.7 |
 | Ellis Island, 1969. Deserted for decades, its many offices were only tombs for broken furniture and its walls were slowly shedding flakes of paint. Wilton S. Tifft photo. Copyright Wilton S. Tifft. Courtesy of Wilton S. Tifft Photography, PO Box 209, East Smithfield, PA 18817. Email: Wil@Tifft.com. All rights reserved. With thanks to Mr. Tifft. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 347. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigrants buy railroad tickets to the US hinterland. Ellis Island. Copyright holder unknown. Donated to collection courtesy of Norman Zack Project. Our thanks to the Norman Zack Project. 8.12.7 |
 | Foundations of old Castle Garden at time of fort. Shown as of Jan 1, 1991. Roland Marchand photo, Jan. 1, 1991. 8.12.7 |
 | View from Ellis Island of Manhattan. The list of names of those who came through Ellis Island was bought by families as part of financing of the restoration. Early evening scene. Roland Marchand photo, Jan. 1, 1991. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigrants on Ellis Island wait for the ferry after disembarking from their ship, 1911. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-21220. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 228. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigrant factory workers outside a plant, about 1910. Copyright holder unknown. 8.12.7 |
 | Drawing of the interior of a railroad car of 1886 entitled, "The Modern Ship of the Plains," taking immigrants to the West. R.F. Zogbaum. Harper's Weekly, Nov. 13, 1886. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-2169. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 107. 8.12.7 |
 | "Joe," Mings cook, Helena, MT, holding a fan, 1893.
Copyright Montana Historical Society, P.O. Box 201201, 225 North Roberts, Helena, MT 59620-1201. All rights reserved. Presented by Curtin Estate, 1933. Not for resale. Permission is granted for ONE USE ONLY. Photo may not be re-used without written permission of the MHS Photograph Archives. This material may be protected by copyright law. (Title 17 U.S. Code). In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 238. Our thanks to the Montana Historical Society. 8.12.7 |
 | A German boilermaker, c. 1900. Copyright holder unknown. Harvard University Social Ethics Collection. Carpenter Center Photography Archives. History Department, Robinson Hall, 35 Quincy St., Cambridge, MA 02138. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 186. 8.12.7 |
 | A German immigrant blacksmith in America, c. 1900. Copyright holder unknown. Harvard University Social Ethics Collection. Carpenter Center Photography Archives. History Department, Robinson Hall, 35 Quincy St., Cambridge, MA 02138. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 187. 8.12.7 |
 | "Finnish lumberjacks in Wisconsin, 1904." Copyright holder unknown. Pinchot Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 193. 8.12.7 |
 | A street scene in a predominantly Jewish section of New York's Lower East Side, about 1901. Hester Street & Clinton Street.
Ewing Galloway photo. Copyright holder unknown. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 7, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 1. 8.12.7 |
 | A German drawing of Milwaukee in 1850. The fifteen-year-old city had a population of more than 20,000 and was already a center of commerce and transportation. Wisconsin Historical Society, 816 State St., Madison, WI 53706. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 72. 8.12.7 |
 | Sleeping quarters of immigrant workers on the New York State Barge Canal construction camp, 1909. Lewis Hine photo. Courtesy of the The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY, 14607. Our thanks to the Museum. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 7, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 18. 8.12.7 |
 | A group of Welsh miners and their wives heckle "blacklegs" or scabs, many of whom are immigrants, brought in to work in the coal mines during a strike in 1871. Tamiment Institute Library, New York University, 70 Washington Square South, New York, NY 10012. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 27. 8.12.7 |
 | Chinese shoe workers at work in Massachusetts, 1870. They were recruited by a special agent who was sent to San Francisco by the owner of the factory. The Granger Collection, 381 Park Avenue South, New York, NY 10016. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 240. 8.12.7 |
 | Similar to the padrone system that victimized adult immigrants was the practice of exploiting Italian children as street musicians. This 1878 drawing shows a boy violinist standing before his master, who demands the boy's earnings. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 5, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 137. 8.12.7 |
 | This 1868 engraving shows New York rag-pickers, many of them immigrants, waiting to have their pickings weighed. They were paid from two to four cents a pound for rags and from one to three cents a pound for wastepaper. Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W. Kellogg Blvd., St. Paul, MN 55102-1906. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 35. 8.12.7 |
 | Yiddish Theater players, c. 1900. Byron Collection. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. All rights reserved. In Allon Schoener, Portal to America, 1967, p. 145. 8.12.7 |
 | Jewish New Year card, about 1912. Courtesy of Norman Zack. Our thanks to Mr. Zack. 8.12.7 |
 | 3000 German turner participants in a wand exercise in Milwaukee, 1894 - signifies German regimentation in group activities. Copyright holder unknown. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 136. 8.12.7 |
 | St. Patrick's Day Parade in New York City, 1874 - evidence of the growing strength of the Irish in the U.S. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. All rights reserved. In American Heritage, IX, 5 (Aug. 1958), p. 27. 8.12.7 |
 | The older Jewish folk celebrate Simchas Torah, the holiday for rejoicing in the law. Harvard University Social Ethics Collection, Carpenter Center: Photography Archives, Dept. of History, Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 210. 8.12.7 |
 | Three Rumanians arrive in New York wearing native dress, early 20th century. Sherman Collection, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C St, NW, Washington, DC 20240. In Oscar Handlin, A Pictorial History of Immigration, 1972, p. 247. 8.12.7 |
 | German band, Cincinnati Music Hall. Copyright Cincinnati Museum Center, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1130. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, pp. 138-9. Our thanks to the Cincinnati Museum Center. 8.12.7 |
 | German club members with pipes. One of many organizations that German-Americans founded in America. Cincinnati, 1880s. Copyright Cincinnati Museum Center, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1130. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 137. Our thanks to the Cincinnati Museum Center. 8.12.7 |
 | Cincinnati Music Hall, home of many German music festivals. Copyright Cincinnati Museum Center, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1130. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 141. Our thanks to the Cincinnati Museum Center. 8.12.7 |
 | Chinese parade in Los Angeles, early 1900s. Copyright Seaver Center of Western History, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90007. For permission to reproduce or use this Image, please refer to the Museum's website, www.nhm.org. All rights reserved. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, pp. 240-1. Our thanks to the Seaver Center. 8.12.7 |
 | St. Patrick's Cathedral. John McCloskey being invested as first American cardinal, 1875. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 170. 8.12.7 |
 | Uncle Sam welcomes Meyer London to Congress. He was the first socialist to be elected to any office in New York City. The Socialist Party represented the interests of Jewish labor. The Yiddish caption reads: "Pleased to meet you" (at top); (at bottom) "A truly new sort of Jew - I like you." Groiser Kundes, Nov. 13, 1914, cover. In Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1962, after p. 208. 8.12.7 |
 | Members of a Chicago chapter of the national Sokol organization, a Croatian fraternal society, 1927. Courtesy of the Croatian Women's Club, Chicago, IL. Copyright holder unknown. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 8, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 110. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigrants waiting their turns at the offices of the United Hebrew Charities. 1892. Century Magazine, 1892. In Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1962, after p. 208. 8.12.7, 11.2.4 |
 | Actress Bertha Kalisch as Ophelia in the Yiddish Hamlet, 1900. The Bookman, 1900. In Moses Rischin, The Promised City: New York's Jews, 1870-1914. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1962, after p. 208. 8.12.7 |
 | Polish wedding party in Chicago, about 1920. The uniformed men were members of a fraternal order that participated in ceremonies to add a flourish. Copyright holder unknown. Courtesy of Emily Popiolek. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 8, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 105. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigrant aid societies struggled to place people who had some marketable skills. Corbis Corp., 710 Second Ave., Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98104. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 2, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 89. 8.12.7, 11.2.4 |
 | A St. Patrick's Day parade travels past cheering crowds in New York City, 1870s. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 182. 8.12.7 |
 | Irish celebrate St. Patrick's Day, 1867. Copyright holder unknown. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., Britannica Centre, 310 South Michigan Ave., Chicago, IL 60604. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 182. 8.12.7 |
 | "The Great Western Band of St. Paul," organized in the 1850s by George Seibert. German and Scandinavian immigrants were enthusiastic about music and formed musical organizations nearly everywhere they settled. Copyright holder unknown. Minnesota Historical Society, 345 W. Kellogg Blvd., St. Paul, MN 55102-1906. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 68. 8.12.7 |
 | This 1856 lithograph of the German Winter-Garden, an important gathering place for New York's German community, shows the great hall decorated with evergreens for the Christmas season. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 2, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 263. 8.12.7 |
 | "Reception Polka," sheet music cover, published at the time of the arrival of Hungarian revolutionary Louis Kossuth in New York, Dec. 6, 1851. Scene represents Kossuth's being welcomed by crowds in front of the Irving House, on west side of Broadway. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 223. 8.12.7 |
 | Cartoon of Uncle Sam hosting Christmas dinner with all nationalities. Date unknown. Puck Magazine. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, pp. 194-5. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigration cartoon protesting discriminatory immigration laws. Those not qualifying for entrance: Jesus Christ, Abraham Lincoln, Joan of Arc, George Washington. c. 1913. Art Young cartoon. The Masses, c. 1913. Courtesy of Dr. J.L. Slater, Colgate University, Hamilton, NY. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, This Fabulous Century, 1910-20, 1970, pp. 124-5. 8.12.7 |
 | Ad, South Dakota. By dispossessing the Indians of land previously guaranteed them by treaty, the new states of the mid- and far west could build up their populations and develop their resources. In 1890 South Dakota increased its attractions by opening the Sioux Reservation to settlement, and set about wooing immigrants with offers of free land and the natural wealth of the region. The open book with its statistical records, the scroll illustrating public institutions, and the plaque showing local industries all demonstrate civic pride. Scots, French, Turks, all crowd forward to make their new homes there. 1890. Forbes. Aug. 16, 1890. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-1267. 8.12.7, 11.2.2 |
 | "It is happening every day," cartoon, 1906. Skepticism about the immigrants' ability to make a decent living changes to surprise. Puck, 1906. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 7, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 223. 8.12.7 |
 | "The anti-Chinese wall. The American wall goes up as the Chinese original goes down." Recent immigrants now work to exclude the Chinese. Captions on bricks: Jealousy, Competition, Law Against Race, Congressional Blunders, Anti-Low Wages, Non-Reciprocity, Un-American, Fear, Prejudice. Caption on tub: Congressional Mortar. Friedrich Graetz cartoon. Puck, March 29, 1882. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-4138. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 76. 8.12.7 |
 | One American attitude toward immigrants - a noble and idealized representation, as they are aboard ship leaving for the U.S. 1857. Harper's Weekly, 1857. In T. Harry Williams, A History of the United States, 1964, p. 464. 8.12.7 |
 | "The Modern Moses," 1881. Light on the right hand side is labelled "Western Homes." Uncle Sam parting the Red Sea of Intolerance and Oppression. Opper/Keppler cartoon. Puck, 1881. In Mary And Gordon Campbell, The Pen, Not the Sword, Aurora Publishers, Inc., Nashville, 1970, p. 99. 8.12.7 |
 | "Welcome to All!" This cartoon of 1880 expresses the American's image of his country's immigration policies. Caption above Uncle Sam: U.S. Ark of Refuge. Caption on small sign: Free education, free land, free speech, free ballot, free lunch. J. Keppler cartoon. Puck, April 28, 1880. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-954. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 5, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 10. 8.12.7 |
 | "Looking Backward." "They desire to ban the newest arrivals from the bridge over which they and theirs arrived." 1893. Cartoon pleads for allowing the new immigrants in. Five affluent men: an Englishman (former stable man); a German Jew (old self a notions peddler); an Irishman (in garb of Irish countryman and worker); a German hobo and, probably, a Scandinavian - have forgotten their own humble beginnings. Joseph Keppler cartoon. Puck, Jan. 11, 1893. In The Distorted Image, 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.7 |
 | "Everybody Works But Father," 1905, postcard. Image of Irishman rocking at home while family does wash to earn the family's income; the general condition and image of working-class families are more women and children employed in factories and home industries. Also a song title. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.7 |
 | "Evolution of the Anarchist." On the alleged tendency of "new" immigrants to carry the "germ" of anarchism and socialism, and to abuse the freedom of speech guaranteed by American law. The cartoon shows the result of the anti-anarchist climate created by the Haymarket Riot. The assassination of Pres. McKinley in 1901 led to a law excluding anarchists from immigration. A cartoon parody of immigrants at Castle Garden. Puck, May 11, 1887. In The Distorted Image 1850-1922, Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, 1973. 8.12.6, 8.12.7 |
 | Cholera: "The Kind of 'Assisted Emigrant' We Cannot Afford to Admit." 1883. F. Graetz cartoon. Puck Magazine. In Mary and Gordon Campbell, The Pen, Not the Sword, Aurora Publishers, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee, 1970. 8.12.5 |
 | This woman represented the "Anglo-Saxon-Celtic type, with Saxon strain dominant" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 45. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Teutonic type, with recurrent Iberic strain" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 45. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Celtic-Anglo-Iberic, with Celtic strain dominant" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 45. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Scandinavian-Teutonic, with slight Semitic strain" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 45. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Celtic-Teutonic and composite American" according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." See also AD-W-78. Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 44. 8.12.7 |
 | This woman represented the "Composite American with dominant Anglo-Saxon strain," according to Broughton Brandenburg, 1906. This picture accompanied an article by Brandenburg entitled "Racial Traits in American Beauty." Cosmopolitan Magazine, May 1906. The Newberry Library, Chicago, IL. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 6, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 44. 8.12.7 |
 | The common nativist view of Germans as constant drinkers. According to the artist, even their dogs and children drank. Caption on barrels and flag: "Lager." Lithographed cartoon. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 272. 8.12.5 |
 | These cartoons represented widely-held views of the activities of most Irish-Americans as corrupt, anarchistic, murdering, lazy beggars. 1881. F.B. Opper cartoon. Puck, Nov. 2, 1881. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-118124. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 184. 8.12.5 |
 | "Hands off, gentlemen! America means fair play for all men." This 1871 cartoon shows the hatred directed toward the Chinese. The Irish, first in pursuit, had previously been the target of earlier immigrant groups. Captions on signs: "If our ballots will not stop them coming to our country, the bullet must!, Riots by 'Pure White' strikers, Europeans are the bulk of our 'American' pauperism." Thomas Nast cartoon. Harper's Weekly, Feb. 18, 1871. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-53346. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 83. 8.12.7 |
 | "The New Comet - a phenomenon now visible in all parts of the United States," suggests the many American views of the influx of Chinese labor. 1870. Captions on the telescopes: "Capitalist, The Press, Politics, Workingman." Signs around the Capitalist telescope: "The country is large enough for all; We want servants, cooks, nurses; Come one, come all." Signs around the Press telescope: "The country is ours." Signs around the Politics telescope: "Vote for Democracy." Signs around the Workingman telescope: "We don't want cheap shoes; Down with capitalism; Must be resisted." Sign on Factory: "Closed by the Trade Union Rules." Thomas Nast cartoon. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 6, 1870. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 4, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 212. 8.12.7, 11.6.5 |
 | The Washington Monument, half complete, c. 1875. There were financial problems. In 1854 a group of Know-Nothings broke into the half-completed monument, stole a monument sent by Pope Pius IX from Rome's Temple of Concord and hurled it into the Potomac. Before another appropriation was made by Congress, the Know-Nothings maneuvered to take over the society in charge of the monument. Congress in disgust rescinded the funds. Copyright holder unknown. Francis Hocker photo. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In American Heritage, Dec. 1968, pp. 68-9. 8.12.7 |
 | The Colossus of Rhodes. According to popular legend, this towering bronze statue of the sun god Helios stood astride the harbor of Rhodes, with ships passing between its legs. Over 100 feet high and built wholly or in part by Chares of Lindus between 292-280 BC, the statue more likely stood on a promontory overlooking the harbor. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In James B. Bell and Richard Abrams, "In Search of Liberty," 1984, p. 17. 8.12.7 |
 | Suez Lighthouse. In 1869 Bartholdi proposed this design for a lighthouse to be built by the Khedive of Egypt. It was to be located at the entrance of the Suez Canal. The project was never commissioned. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In James B. Bell and Richard Abrams, "In Search of Liberty," 1984, p. 18. 8.12.7 |
 | The Torch of Liberty at the Philadelphia Exposition, 1876. In order to raise funds for the statue, the right hand and torch were displayed in Philadelphia in 1876 and later in New York City in Madison Square. For a fee of fifty cents a visitor could climb the steel ladder leading to the balcony surrounding the torch. In 1884 the hand and torch were dismantled and returned to Paris for incorporation into the statue. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-DIG-ppmsca-02957. In James B. Bell and Richard Abrams, "In Search of Liberty," 1984, p. 27. 8.12.7 |
 | Immigrants' first vision of the Statue of Liberty from the deck of a ship. 1887. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC2-1255. In James B. Bell and Richard Abrams, "In Search of Liberty," 1984, p. 80. 8.12.7 |
 | Currier and Ives, "The Great Bartholdi Statue, Liberty Enlightening the World," 1885. The Statue of Liberty with the harbor and Manhattan in the background. This painting shows Castle Garden at the tip and Trinity church up Broadway. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC2-3256. In Walton Rawls, "The Great Book of Currier and Ives America," 1979, p. 42. 8.12.7 |
 | A departed in her coffin, Muncie, Indiana, 1865-70. The coffin lid was removed outdoors to get enough light for the photographer to take what may be the only picture made of the departed. The Pennell Collection, The Library of The University of Kansas, 2501 W 15th St, Lawrence, KS 66049. In Oliver O. Jensen, "American Album, 1968, pp. 198-9. 8.12.7 |
 | Guaranty Building, Buffalo, NY, 1895. Shows the great massiveness of volume with steel that depicts the new urbanism and horizontal velocity. At this time the middle classes are moving to the suburbs, partly to find a certain amount of individuality. Copyright holder unknown. Chicago Architectural Photographing Co., Chicago, IL. In Vincent J. Scully, "American Architecture and Urbanism," Praeger Co., New York, 1969, p. 109, fig. 197. 8.12.7 |
 | A growing maze of wires enshrouds New York. The danger inherit in these electric wires became apparent when they fell during the blizzard of 1888. Copyright holder unknown. Edison National Historic Site, National Park Service, Main Street & Lakeside Ave., West Orange, NJ 07052; Herbert Orth, New-York Historical Society. In "New York City Wires," The Life History of the United States, Time-Life Books, Vol. 7, p. 39. 8.12.7 |
 | Anonymous, "New York, Looking up Broadway," stereograph, c. 1860. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 207. 8.12.7 |
 | The human fuel for the gigantic industrial complex that developed in Chicago came in the form of immigrants, many of whom eventually made their way into working-class housing built near the factories, similar to these homes in the Maxwell Street area around 1900. Copyright holder unknown. In Stanley McMichael and Robert F. Bingham, "City Growth Essentials," The Stanley McMichael Publishing Organization, Cleveland, 1928, p. 42. 8.12.7 |
 | "Patent-Office Department," engraving, showing the magazine's Patent Office Dept. at their offices at 128 Fulton St., New York. Scientific American, Sept. 20, 1851. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 268. 8.6.1, 8.12.7 |
 | James Cafferty and Charles Rosenberg, "Panic of 1857: Wall Street, half past two o'clock, October 13, 1857." Note the height of the church steeple in relation to the other buildings. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Cass Canfield, "The Incredible Pierpont Morgan," 1974, p. 23. 8.12.7 |
 | "The Evolution of a City." Top: "Skyline of New York City in 1798 with buildings all four stories or less." Bottom: "New York skyline in 1876 before the advent of the elevator and steel frame buildings." Copyright Otis Elevator Co., 1 Farm Springs Rd., Farmington, CT 06032. All rights reserved. In Stanley McMichael and Robert F. Bingham, "City Growth Essentials," The Stanley McMichael Publishing Organization, Cleveland, 1928, p. 43. 8.12.7, 11.2.2 |
 | "The Evolution of a City." Top: New York in 1908 following the extended use of elevators and steel frame buildings. Bottom: New York skyline in 1928, showing extent to which high buildings dominate Lower New York. Copyright Otis Elevator Co., 1 Farm Springs Rd., Farmington, CT 06032. All rights reserved. In Stanley McMichael and Robert F. Bingham, "City Growth Essentials," The Stanley McMichael Publishing Organization, Cleveland, 1928. 8.12.7, 11.2.2 |
 | The Blizzard of '88. New York City, March 11, 1888, looking up New Street to Wall Street; 21 inches of snow fell in three days. Note the telephone and other wires. Copyright holder unknown. In Fortune, Feb. 1933, Vol. 7, p. 39. 8.12.7 |
 | New homes in an outlying residential district of Gary, Indiana, just outside of Chicago, about 1900. Copyright holder unknown. Gary Public Library, 220 W. 5th Ave., Gary, IN 46402. In Zane L. Miller, "The Urbanization of Modern America," Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1973, p. 83. 8.12.7 |
 | Smoke-belching steamboats made the Pittsburgh of 1849 a river metropolis. The "Gateway to the West" was a vital link between overland routes and western rivers. Stokes Collection. Courtesy of The New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. Our thanks to the NYPL. In Richard M. Ketchum, "The Pioneer Spirit," American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1959, pp. 142-3. 8.8.4, 8.12.7 |
 | An ad offering for sale lands along the Illinois Central Railroad's right-of-way. The last line of the ad reads, "For Sale on LONG CREDIT, SHORT CREDIT and for CASH, they are situated near TOWNS, VILLAGES, SCHOOLS and CHURCHES." The Illinois Central Railroad is defunct. In Zane L. Miller, "The Urbanization of Modern America," Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1973, p. 28. 8.12.7 |
 | "An American Railway Scene" at Hornellsville, Erie Railway, 1876. The painting shows several trains, with all of their signs, next to the Erie Station Dining Hall. Currier & Ives. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Walton Rawls, "The Great Book of Currier and Ives' America," 1979, p. 239. 8.12.7 |
“The History Project experience is usually described [by Elk Grove teachers] as high quality, easily applicable and very collaborative. Teachers enjoy being treated like professionals and enjoy their opportunities to network and collaborate with other professionals at these workshops. Teachers generally comment on the importance of learning new content. Even the veteran history teacher will remark that he or she is never too experienced to learn new things and it is clear that this enthusiasm has to carry over into the classroom. The program has changed the philosophy and the approach that some teachers are taking to teaching literacy in the history classroom.”
Dave Byrd
District History Program Specialist
Elk Grove Unified School District Curriculum and Professional Learning Department