 | Gravestone, Thomas Call, Malden, MA, 1676, death's head, bones, pick and shovel, hourglass Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 164 |
 | Headstone, John Foster, Dorcester, MA, 1681 Copyright holder unknown. Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5597 |
 | Gravestone, Joseph Tapping, King's Chapel Burying Ground, Boston, MA, 1678, slate; time with death snuff candle Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 151. Joseph Modugno photo? |
 | Bruton Parish (Episcopal Church) views and gallery, Williamsburg, VA, first Anglican church, built 1660 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Winthrop Chandler, "Mrs. Ebenezer (Martha Lathrop) Devotion," 1770. See also Slide 1142. Copyright Brookline Historical Society, 347 Harvard St, Brookline, MA 02446. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Society. |
 | Winthrop Chandler, "Rev. Ebenezer Devotion," 1770. See also slide 1119. Copyright Brookline Historical Society, 347 Harvard St, Brookline, MA 02446. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Society. |
 | Contemporary English print advising women to "Keep within compass," to follow the sexual double standard, 1785-1805 Winterthur Museum & Country Estate, Winterthur, DE 19735 |
 | Antediluvian giants from Kircher, "Mundus Subterraneus," 1664 Athanasius Kircher, "Mundus Subterraneus," 1664, t. II, p. 59. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma, Viale Castro Pretorio 105, 00185 Roma, IT |
 | Front door, Parsonage, 1748, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Parsonage, lean-to structure, Old Sturbridge Village, MA, 1748 Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Window, Parsonage, 1748, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Side of Parsonage, 1748, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Masonic ceiling, chamber; Masonic temple, 1806, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Parsonage, 1748, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Parsonage, 1748, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Quaker Meeting House, Bolton, MA, 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | "Sunstone" of carved limestone for Mormon temple, Nauvoo, IL, 1844, 4' high, 6' wide, 18" thick National Museum of American History, PO Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution Bldg, Rm 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Catalog 1989.0553.01. www.si.edu. |
 | "Methodist Camp Meeting," 1836. E.W. Clay engraving, published in New York by H. R. Robinson Archives and History Center of the United Methodist Church, from the book published in 1984 by Drew University, 36 Madison Ave, Madison NJ 07940 |
 | Methodists en route to camp meeting, by French artist, early 19th century Location unknown |
 | A revival "Camp-meeting," after a painting by Alexander Rider, c. 1829, lithograph Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-4554 |
 | Albert Alden, "The Last Judgment," Barre, VT, c. 1840 Copyright American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. All rights reserved. |
 | John Humphrey Noyes, c. 1850 Syracuse University Library, Department of Special Collections, Oneida Community Collection. Copyright Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244. All rights reserved. In George Wallingford Noyes, ed., "John Humphrey Noyes, The Putnam Community." Digital Edition. Call No. Oneida HX656.O58 S9 1961o |
 | Adlard Welby, "Place of Worship and Burial Ground" at Ligonier Town, PA, 1821; camp meeting ground near Redstone, PA, used for frontier revivals; drawing Adlard Welby, "A Visit to North America....," London, 1821; reprinted 1905, Cleveland, OH. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC Control No.: 01028364 |
 | John Rasmussen (attributed), "Berks County [PA] Alms House," probably 1880-81, oil on zinc-coated tin or tin-coated sheet iron; unframed: 31 x 39 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1960.102.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Restraint chair, Hospital for the Insane, Williamsburg, VA Karen Halttunen photo. Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, VA |
 | James Herring, "Portrait of the Reverend Dr. Jacob Kirkpatrick," and "Portrait of Mrs. Jacob Kirkpatrick (Mary Burroughs Howell Sutfin)," NJ, 1817, oil on eastern white pine panel; each 30" x 25" unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1958.100.12, 1958.100.13. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Ruby Devol Finch (attributed), "Portrait of Elijah Robinson and Mrs. Elijah Robinson (Hannah Castino)," Westport Point, MA, c. 1830-35, watercolor, gouache, brown ink, pencil, and cut wove paper on wove paper, primary support: 7 x 9 in. (17.8 x 22.9 cm) Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1966.300.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Benjamin Rush, "Moral and Physical Thermometer" of Temperance and Intemperance, 1789 "An Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors on the Human Body and the Mind." Boston: Thomas and Andrews. In The Columbian Magazine, January 1789. Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, the State University, 607 Allison Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8001. In W.J. Rorabaugh, "The Alcoholic Republic," 1979, p. 44 |
 | Delirium tremens, snakes and demon, 19th century Location unknown. In W.J. Rorabaugh, "The Alcoholic Republic," 1979, p. 171 |
 | Temperance print of "Grog Shop" with drunks on ground, 19th cent. Location unknown. In W.J. Rorabaugh, "The Alcoholic Republic," 1979, p. 128 |
 | John Lewis Krimmel, "Village Tavern," 1813-14. Color version of Slide 2002. Copyright The Toledo Museum of Art, 2445 Monroe St, Toledo, OH 43620. All rights reserved. |
 | "The Good Husband: The Fruits of Temperance and Industry," 1870, Currier and Ives, lithograph Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC2-2466. |
 | J. and J.W. Meets, desk and bookcase, rosewood and satinwood, Gothic Revival, NY, 1836-50 Copyright holder unknown. (Metropolitan Museum of Art?) |
 | Johannes Spitler, Tall Case Clock, Shenandoah Co., VA, 1800, yellow pine; iron; steel, brass and paint; 97 3/4 x 20 x 11 3/8 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1973.2000.3, A&B. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Meeting House (trompe l'oeil), Charlotte, VT, 1840 Karen Halttunen photograph. Shelburne Museum, PO Box 10, Shelburne, VT 05482. |
 | Windows of Meeting House (trompe l'oeil), Charlotte, VT, 1840 Karen Halttunen photograph. Shelburne Museum, PO Box 10, Shelburne, VT 05482. |
 | Thomas Cole, "Study for the Expulsion from the Garden of Eden - Moonlight and Firelight," 1828; open door to hell? Courtesy of The Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Paseo del Prado, 8, Palacio de Villahermosa, Madrid, 28014 SPAIN. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Edward Hicks, "The Peaceable Kingdom," Bucks County, PA, 1832-34, oil on canvas; unframed: 17 1/4 x 23 1/4 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of David Rockefeller. 1932.101.1, A. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "The Crucifixion," PA, 1847, watercolor and ink on wove paper; framed: 18 x 15 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of David Rockefeller. 1931.305.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Edward Hicks, "The Grave of William Penn," c. 1847-8 Copyright holder unknown. |
 | Joseph Henry Hidley (attrib.), "Noah's Ark," Poestenkill, NY, ca. 1870, oil on wood panel, 27 1/2 x 28 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1957.101.8. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Lucius Barnes, "Portrait of Mrs. Martha Atkins Barnes," probably Middletown, CT, probably 1834, watercolor and ink on heavy wove paper, 7 1/2 x 6 1/2 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1935.300.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | John Audubon, "Common Grackle," 1822, hand-colored engraving, 29½ by 39½ inches, a “double elephant folio.” From "The Birds of America," 1826-37. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | John Audubon, "Wild Turkey," c. 1825, hand-colored engraving, 29½ by 39½ inches, a “double elephant folio.” From "The Birds of America," 1826-37. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | John Audubon, "Louisiana Heron," 1820s, hand-colored engraving, 29½ by 39½ inches, a “double elephant folio.” From "The Birds of America," 1826-37. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | John Audubon, "Blue Jay," 1825, hand-colored engraving, 29½ by 39½ inches, a “double elephant folio.” From "The Birds of America," 1826-37. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | Hiram Powers, "Eve Tempted," marble, modeled 1839-1842, carved 1873-1877, 68 7/8 x 29 7/8 x 20 1/2 in. (174.9 x 75.8 x 52.0 cm.), color slide similar to Slide 3705 Karen Halttunen photo. Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Museum purchase in memory of Ralph Cross Johnson. 1968.155.126 |
 | The Philadelphia Jail, 1723. A house-like colonial jail. Compare with a penitentiary of the 1850s, which shows an increased investment in institutions. The Old Stone Prison. The Pennsylvania Prison Society, 245 North Broad St., Ste. 300, Philadelphia, PA 19107-1518. In David J. Rothman, Discovery of the Asylum, 1971, p. 241. 8.1.1, 8.6.1 |
 | Newgate, the first state prison in New York, from an old woodcut. "South East View, New-York State Prison," 1814. Begun in 1796, Newgate was modeled after the Walnut Street jail in Philadelphia. Given the few architectural departures from the colonial design, it is not surprising that the prison suffered internal disorganization and frequent convict escapes. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-57841. In Charles R. Henderson, ed., Penal and Reformatory Institutions, 1910, p. 28. 8.1.1, 8.6.1 |
 | Rev-p07-c02
"A Prospective View of old Newgate, Connecticut's State Prison." White and African-American prisoners are shackled, worked, and beaten. Granby, CT, c. 1800. Engraving by Richard Brunton, a prisoner (d. 1832).
Connecticut Historical Museum and Library, One Elizabeth St at Asylum Ave, Hartford, CT 06105. 2331. |
 | Col-P16-e1
William Penn's map of Philadelphia, c. 1681. Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20540. |
 | Col-P19-c1
A Moravian Mission for Indians: "Baptism of Indian converts in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, 1757." In the 1740s Moravians set up missions in Pennsylvania for the Delaware and Mahican nations; they baptized men and women separately and changed their cultures as much as possible. The Indians burned one such mission in 1755. Engraving. Library Company of Philadelphia, 1314 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Image available at: www.explorepahistory.com. |
 | Col-P19-a2
"George Whitefield," c. 1742. "A Methodist evangelist, his views were more Calvinistic than John Wesley's, from whom he broke away in 1741. He was a preacher of great fervour and had a wide following in Wales and Scotland as well as in America, which he visited frequently. He established an orphanage in Georgia in 1738..." - National Portrait Gallery. John Wollaston, oil on canvas. Copyright © National Portrait Gallery, St Martin's Place, London, England WC2H 0HE UNITED KINGDOM. NPG 131. All rights reserved. |
 | Col-P19-c2
Bethlehem, PA, 1757, a Moravian community: "A view of Bethlehem, one of the Brethren's principal settlements, in Pennsylvania, North America." J. Noual hand-colored engraving after Nicholas Garrison. New York Public Library, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs, Fifth Ave & 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. Digital Image ID: 53929. Also, Palmer Museum of Art, partial gift and purchase from John C. O'Connor and Ralph M. Yeager. Acc. No. 86.396. |
 | Col-P12-c2
Cotton Mather, c. 1725. "Mather was the best-known New England Puritan divine of his generation, a controversial figure in his own time, and he remains so among scholars today. A formidable intellect and a prodigious writer, Mather published some 450 books and pamphlets. He was at the center of all of the major political, theological, and scientific controversies of his era. Mather has been accused, unfairly, of instigating the Salem witchcraft trials." - Library of Congress. Unknown artist, oil painting. Copyright © American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. All rights reserved. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_01
Map: Salem Village: Accused Witches, 1692. Charles W. Upham, "Salem Witchcraft," 2 vols. (Boston: 1867) frontispiece. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_27
John Clarke, "lll Newes from New-England: or A Narrative of New-Englands Persecution," 1651, "a 17th-c. religious literary classic that screamed for religious freedom....Clarke secured from King Charles II of England a new charter for Rhode Island Colony. The charter guaranteed full religious liberty for the little colony." (London: Henry Hills, 1652.) In "Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society," ser. 4, II (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1854). Found in Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 93. Text: Walter B. Shurden, Executive Director, The Center for Baptist Studies, Mercer University, 1400 Coleman Ave, Macon, GA 31207. Copyright © 2004 Baptist History and Heritage Society, 3001 Mercer University Dr, Atlanta, GA 30341. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_29
George Fox (1624-91), an English Dissenter and a founder of the Quakers. Print of portrait by Sir Peter Lely. From original in Friends' Historical Library, Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA 19081. In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 100. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_08
William Stoughton, Chief Magistrate, Salem Witchcraft trials of 1692, Massachusetts. Artist unknown, oil on canvas, c. 1700.
Harvard University Portrait Collection, Harvard University Art Museums, 32 Quincy St, Cambridge, MA 02138. Gift of John Cooper to Harvard College, 1810, H37. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_26
Interior of Christ Church, Lancaster County, Virginia, built 1735, "the best preserved and most finely crafted of colonial Virginia's Anglican parish churches." - Foundation for Historic Christ Church. 1915 photo. Robert A. Lancaster, Jr., "Historic Virginia Homes and Churches," (Philadelphia and London: J.B. Lippincott, 1915). In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 82. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_35
Gilbert Tennent, 1805, Presbyterian preacher of the Great Awakening and follower of George Whitefield. "The General Assembly's Missionary Magazine, or Evangelical Intelligencer," Philadelphia, PA, 1805. In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 117. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_14
The Witch House, Salem, MA, 1675. "The Witch House, home of Judge Jonathan Corwin, is the only structure still standing in Salem with direct ties to the Witchcraft Trials of 1692. As a local magistrate and civic leader, Corwin was called upon to investigate the claims of diabolical activity when a surge of witchcraft accusations arose in Salem and neighboring communities. He served on the Court of Oyer and Terminer, which ultimately sent 19 to the gallows. All 19 refused to admit to witchcraft and maintained their innocence." - The Witch House. Photographer unknown. The Witch House, 310 Essex St, Salem, MA 01970. www.corwinhouse.org. In R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 96. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_24
Lack of religious freedom in early Virginia: Order of the Virginia House of Burgesses (the colonial legislature) "That there shall be in every plantation, where the people meet for the worship of God, a house or room sequestered for that purpose," and fines of tobacco imposed for non-attendance at the Church of England, 1623. William Waller Hening, "The Statutes of Virginia, 1619-1792," (Richmond: Commonwealth of Virginia, 1809-23). In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 70. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_22
"Samuel Sewall," 1728. A Puritan born in England, Sewall was the only judge involved in the Salem Witch trials who later apologized for his part in the unjust executions. Nathaniel Emmons, oil on canvas. Original painting at Massachusetts Historical Society, 1154 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215-3695. In R. Jackson Wilson, et al., Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (HarperCollins Publishers, 10 E 53rd St, New York, NY 10022) 1996, vol. 1, p. 112. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_18
Old Ship Church (or Meetinghouse), 88 Main St, Hingham, Plymouth County, MA, built 1681. Arthur B. Mazmanian photo. Copyright © Arthur B. Mazmanian, "The Structure of Praise," (Beacon Press, 25 Beacon St, Boston, MA 02108) 1970. All rights reserved. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_30
"Against the growth of Quakerism." Quaker leaders' names are shown on arms stabbing the Holy Bible with swords: George Fox, William Penn, George Whitehead and Edward Burrough; meanwhile, the Church of England upholds the Bible. Anglican cartoon. Francis Bugg, "A Seasonable Caveat Against the Growth of Quakerism," (London, 1701). Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20540. In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 101. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_02
Salem, MA, in 1692, showing locations of "witches." ASK Copyright © R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 101. All rights reserved. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_20
Old Meeting House, Sandown, New Hampshire, built 1774. "The Sandown Meeting House is one of New Hampshire's finest. A second-period New England meeting house, the building is outstanding for both proportion and craftsmanship, distinguished by its fine pedimented doorways and fluted pilasters. Religious services in the meeting house were discontinued in 1834, although town meetings continued to be held here until 1929." - Original Township Properties. Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, 141 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114. In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 101. Text: Original Township Properties, Suite 250, 55 Crystal Ave, Derry, NH 03038. |
 | Crisis_of_the_1850s05
"Lorenzo Dow and the Jerking Exercise," a Methodist evangelist camp-meeting preacher at a revival, 1856. Engraving. Lossing-Barrett engraving, from Samuel G. Goodrich, "Recollections of a Lifetime," (New York: 1856). General Collections, Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20540. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_13
Cotton Mather, Puritan leader, 1728. Print after Peter Pelham portrait. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-4597. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_05
"Saducismus Triumphatus: or Full and Plain Evidence Concerning Witches and Apparitions," 1681, "proving" the existence of witches. English treatise.
Joseph Glanvil, "Saducismus Triumphatus: or Full and Plain Evidence Concerning Witches and Apparitions," (London: F. Collins, 1681) title page. Gutenberg to Gates exhibit, Springfield Library, 220 State St, Springfield, MA 01103. http://www.springfieldlibrary.org. Also, The Granger Collection, 381 Park Ave S, New York, NY 10016. In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 54. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_15
James Naylor (or Nayler), a radical English Quaker leader, condemned, tortured and branded as a blasphemer for claiming miraculous powers. He was released from prison in 1659 and died the next year. Location unknown. In Bernard Bailyn, et al., "The Great Republic: A History of the American People," 1st ed., vol. I, (DC Heath, 125 Spring St, Lexington, MA 02173) 1977, p. 70. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_31
The Christian "rationale" for torture; Germany, early modern period. "Besonders Gespräche in dem Reich der Lebendigen..." (Frankfurt am Main, 1732). In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 109. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_12
Map: Northern British settlements in early New England, 1700. ASK Copyright © Bernard Bailyn, et al., "The Great Republic: A History of the American People," 2nd ed., vol. I, (DC Heath, 125 Spring St, Lexington, MA 02173) 1981, p. 47. All rights reserved. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_16
The torture punishment of James Naylor (Nailor) by Parliament for blasphemy, 1656. J.F. Nicholls and John Taylor, "Bristol Past and Present," vol. III (London, 1882). Reprinted in H.D. Traill, "Social England," (New York: Putnam's, 1909). |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_33
"George Whitefield," c. 1742. Whitefield began his preaching career at a Protestant revival in the US, 1730s. John Wollaston, oil painting.
Original painting at National Portrait Gallery, 2 St. Martin's Pl, London, England WC2H 0HE UNITED KINGDOM. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_34
Log College, Nishaminy, PA, a preparatory school for ministers of the Presbyterian church founded by Rev. William Tennent, 1725. "Tennent drilled his pupils in the ancient languages and the Bible and filled them with an evangelical zeal that a number of them, his four sons included, manifested conspicuously during the religious revivals known as The Great Awakening." - Alexander Leitch. Original print at Presbyterian Historical Society, 425 Lombard St, Philadelphia, PA 19147. Found in Ralph Henry Gabriel, et al., eds., "The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1925-6) vol. 10, p. 116. Text: Alexander Leitch, "A Princeton Companion," Copyright © Princeton University Press, 1978. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_36
"The Declaration of the Rector and Tutors of Yale College in New Haven Against the Reverend Mr. George Whitefield," Boston, 1745, a Puritan tract against the Great Awakening, which led to a profound religious split between the students and teachers at Yale. Yale University Library, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, 130 Wall St, PO Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520-8240. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_07
"Execution of Witches in England," Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1649-50. No image of American "witch" executions seems extant. Ralph Gardiner, "England's Grievance Discovered, In Relation to the Coal Trade," (London, 1655). Peabody Essex Museum, East India Square, Salem, MA 01970-3783. Image available at: http://www.hawthorneinsalem.org/images/image.php?name=MMD802. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_32
Jonathan Edwards as a young man, 1720. Print after Joseph Badger painting. Original painting in Yale University Art Gallery, PO Box 208271, New Haven, CT 06520-8271. Bequest of Eugene P. Edwards, 1937. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_06
"Torturing of a Knave and Two Witches," at Cologne, Germany, 1589, from a contemporary handbill printed at Nuremberg. The punishment and execution of the Protestant, Peter Stumpp as a "werewolf," along with his daughter and mistress, by Catholic authorities. Original lost. Kupferstichkabinett (Museum of Prints and Drawings), Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Matthäikirchplatz 8, 10785 Berlin, GERMANY. www.smb.museum. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stumpp" 8/3/2008. And in Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 53. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_10
"The Trial of George Jacobs," of Salem for witchcraft, 1692. T. H. Matteson, oil painting, 1855. Peabody Essex Museum, East India Square, 161 Essex St, Salem, MA 01970. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_23
South Gallery, Meetinghouse with sheep-pen pews, Sandown, NH, finished 1774. Historic New England, Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities, 141 Cambridge St, Boston, MA 02114. In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 60. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_11
William Penn, age 22, 1666. An 18th c. copy of a 17th c. portrait, possibly by Sir Peter Lely, oil on canvas.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_09
William Stoughton's warrant for the execution of Bridget Bishop, Salem witchcraft trials, Salem, MA, 1692. Judge Stoughton refused Bishop defense counsel before condemning her to death. University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_19
Ceiling of the Old Ship Church in Hingham, MA, one of the first Pilgrim Meeting Houses, 1670. Arthur B. Mazmanian photo. Copyright © Arthur B. Mazmanian, "The Structure of Praise," (Beacon Press, 25 Beacon St, Boston, MA 02108) 1970. All rights reserved. Similar in Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record, Old Ship Church, 88 Main St, Hingham, Plymouth County, MA. 28. ROOF FRAMING, GENERAL VIEW, HABS MASS, 12-HING, 5-28. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_04
"Matthew Hopkins, Witch Finder General," 1647. He was responsible for the executions of over 300 people in England. Matthew Hopkins, "The Discovery of Witches," 1647, frontispiece. In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 53. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_25
Christ Church, near Irvington, VA, 1908. H.P. Cook photo. W.M. Clark, ed., "Colonial Churches in the Original Colony of Virginia," (Richmond: Southern Churchman Co., 1908). In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 82. |
 | Rean_and_Great_Awakening_21
"The Meetinghouse Pews...Sheep-pen pews in Old Ship Meetinghouse, Hingham, Mass., built 1681..." Hingham Historical Society, PO Box 434, Hingham, MA 02043. In Luther A. Weigle, "American Idealism [The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States]," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928) vol. 10, p. 60 |
 | Map: Early religious congregations in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1775.
ASK Copyright © Lester J. Cappon, ed., "Atlas of Early American History: The Revolutionary Era 1760-90," (Princeton University Press, 41 William St, Princeton, NJ 08540) 1976, p. 38. All rights reserved. |
“Mr. Pollard took ideas for guiding history instruction and incorporated them into full activities and discussions to make the history classroom more engaging while also using established techniques to develop critical thinking. I got more out of Mr. Pollard's classroom than just a chronological series of events that took place in the United States. I came out with an idea of why events took place the way they did, and what that means for all of us today.”
Mo Torres
Natomas Charter School Graduate, Class of 2006, describing History Project Teacher Leader Jeff Pollard.
Natomas Charter School Graduate, Class of 2006