 | Edward Hicks, "The Residence of David Twining," Bucks County, PA, 1845-7, oil on canvas; unframed: 26 1/2 x 31 9/16 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1933.101.1. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of David Rockefeller. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Governor's House, front exterior, Williamsburg, VA, finished 1722 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Governor's Council Chamber
Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Full front, Governor's House Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Front gates, Governor's House Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Pillory and stocks, County Courthouse Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Jail exterior Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Governor's Council Chamber Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Wilhelm Schimmel, "Eagle," 19th century, wood and paint; 13 1/4 x 7 1/4 x 13 1/8 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1936.701.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | The Capitol, Williamsburg, VA, re-built 1751 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | The Public Gaol, Williamsburg, VA, first built 1704 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | The Powder Magazine and Guardhouse, Williamsburg, VA; magazine built 1715 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Jail door Karen Halttunen photo |
 | The Virginia Garrison Regiment Fife and Drum Corps, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | "The Bodleian Plate," England, c. 1740, maker unknown, copper ; public buildings, Williamsburg, VA, 1720s, with flora, fauna and people native to VA; copper plate discovered in England, 1929, by Mary Goodwin; 10 in. x 13 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of John D. Rockefeller Jr. Accession #1938-196. Gift of the Bodleian Library. Our thanks to the Foundation. |
 | Governor's Council Chamber Karen Halttunen photo |
 | M. Darly, "Macaroni Dressing Room," London, June 26, 1772, hand-colored etched and line engraving; overall: 11 1/8 x 14 7/8 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1950-607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Billiards table, Governor's Palace(?) Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Ralph Earl, "Landscape of The Ruggles Homestead," 1796 Copyright holder unknown. |
 | Exterior wall of house with 4 windows Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Ralph Earl, "Houses Fronting New Milford Green," c. 1796, detail, oil, 48 x 54 in. (121.9 x 137.2 cm). Copyright holder unknown. Wadsworth Atheneum? Metropolitan Museum of Art? |
 | Thomas Sully, "Portrait of Benjamin Rush," c. 1813, detail Copyright holder and location unknown. |
 | Ralph Earl, "General Baron von Steuben," 1786 Hall of Life Masks, Fenimore House. Copyright New York State Historical Association, PO Box 800, Cooperstown, NY 13326. All rights reserved. |
 | Charles Willson Peale, "Gov. Thomas McKean and His Son Thomas McKean, Jr.," 1787; dad the youngest signer of Declaration of Independence; oil on canvas, 50 9/16 x 41 inches (128.4 x 104.1 cm) Copyright Philadelphia Museum of Art, Benjamin Franklin Parkway and 26th St., Philadelphia, PA 19130. 1968-74-1. Bequest of Phebe Warren McKean Downs, 1968. http://www.philamuseum.org. All rights reserved. |
 | John Singleton Copley, "John Hancock," 1765; gold buttons and braid, accounting book; oil on canvas, 100.01 x 124.78 cm (39 3/8 x 49 1/8 in.) Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Deposited by the City of Boston. Accession number: L-R 30.76d. |
 | Bass Otis, "Thomas Paine"; replica of the George Romney painting of 1792 Copyright Chicago Historical Society, Clark St at North Ave, Chicago, IL 60614-6071. All rights reserved. |
 | John McRae, "Pulling Down the Statue of George III," New York City, after the first public reading of
the Declaration of Independence, 1860, engraving New-York Historical Society,170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | The Boston Tea Party: "Americans throwing the cargoes of the Teaships into the river, at Boston," 1789 Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-538. Illus. in: W.D. Cooper, "History of North America," London, 1789. |
 | Paul Revere, "The Bloody Massacre" (Boston Massacre), 1770, engraving American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634 |
 | Broadside urging boycott of merchant who continued to stock English goods, Boston, MA, 1770 or 1773 Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-43568 |
 | "Stamp Act Repeal'd," commemorative teapot, 1766 Copyright holder unknown. Peabody Essex Museum, East India Square, Salem, MA 01970. |
 | Allan Ramsay, "George III," 1767 Copyright holder unknown. |
 | "The wise men of Gotham and their goose"; English ministers kill the goose of the golden egg, 1776 W. Humphrey, publisher. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, British Cartoon Prints Collection, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-1514 |
 | Benjamin Franklin, "Join or Die," 1754, cartoon, woodcut; printed just before the Albany Congress Pennsylvania Gazette (Phila.), May 9, 1754. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-5315 |
 | John Trumbull, "The Declaration of Independence," 1786-87 Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Horydczak Collection, Washington, DC 20540. LC-H8-CT-C01-062-A |
 | Philip Dawe (attributed), "The Alternative of Williamsburg," London, England, 1775; two merchants
are coerced into non-importation of English goods Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, British Cartoon Prints Collection, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-5280 |
 | Front and back of a privately minted token honoring William Pitt (the Elder) and repeal of Stamp Act, 1766; design attributed to Paul Revere. Front reads: "The Restorer of Commerce 1766: No Stamps." Reverse: "Thanks to the.Friends.of Liberty.and.Trade/America." The Pitt half-penny. Department of Special Collections, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556. |
 | Benjamin Franklin, "Magna Britania her Colonies Reduc'd," 1768; the British Empire is dismembered; engraving Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, British Cartoon Prints Collection, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-34866 |
 | Paul Revere, Obelisk celebrating repeal of Stamp Act, 1766; portraits of patriots, English
supporters and king Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, British Cartoon Prints Collection, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-ppmsca-05479 |
 | Paul Revere, Liberty tree with effigy of Boston stamp distributor and beast trampling Magna Carta, engraving, detail American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. |
 | Effigy of Portsmouth, NH, stamp distributor, 1765 Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. http://metmus.org. |
 | "France Kneels Before a Victorious Britain," 1763 Library and Archives Canada, 395 Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0N4, CANADA |
 | Broadside on Boston Massacre with Revere engraving, 1770 American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634 |
 | Emanuel Leutze, "George Washington Crossing the Delaware," 1851, oil on canvas; 12 2/5 x 21 1/4 in. (378.5 x 647.7 cm)
Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Gift of John S. Kennedy, 1897. (97.34) http://metmus.org. All rights reserved. |
 | "Paul Revere's Ride, April 19, 1775." Harper's Weekly, June 1867. Chicago Historical Society, Clark St at North Ave, Chicago, IL 60614-6071. |
 | Amos Doolittle, "Concord, April 19, 1775," hand-colored engraving; 1775; detail; Plate II, British troops arrive in town. See also Slide 1274. New York Public Library Collection Guide: "Picturing America, 1497-1899: Prints, Maps, and Drawings bearing on the New World Discoveries and on the Development of the Territory that is now the United States." Humanities and Social Sciences Library / Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018 |
 | Friedrich von Germann, "American Soldier," 1778 Copyright holder unknown. In Albert W. Haarmann and Donald W. Holst, "The Friedrich von Germann Drawings of Troops in the American Revolution, 1778," Military Collector and Historian, Vol. 16, Spring 1964, pp. 1-9 |
 | Amos Doolittle, "The Engagement at the North Bridge in Concord, April 19, 1775," Dec., 1775; Plate III, hand-colored engraving after Ralph Earl. Plate III. New York Public Library Collection Guide: "Picturing America, 1497-1899: Prints, Maps, and Drawings bearing on the New World Discoveries and on the Development of the Territory that is now the United States." Humanities and Social Sciences Library / Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018 |
 | "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor, 1773," Currier and Ives, 1846; women on the docks are destroying British tea Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-523 |
 | "A Daughter of Liberty," 1779, Revolutionary woodcut accompanying a poem on women's
sacrifice and suffering in seaport of Marblehead, MA, during war Copyright holder unknown. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | Edward Savage, "Liberty in the Form of the Goddess of Youth, giving Support to the Bald Eagle," stipple engraving,1796. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Popular Graphic Arts Collection, LC-USZ62-15369. Worcester Art Museum, 55 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609. Gift of Mrs. Kingsmill Marrs. (1925.1045) |
 | "An Emblem of America," 1800; classical figure with Niagara Falls P. Stampa, London: 1800. The John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912. In Jeremy Adamson, "Niagara: Two Centuries of Changing Attitudes," 1697-1901, p. 172 |
 | "Where Liberty Dwells, There is My Country," toile coverlet, c. 1790, manufactured in England for sale in America, detail, print Courtesy of Scalamandré. Winterthur Museum, Route 52, Winterthur, DE 19735. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "The County Election" (1), 1851-2 Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, 1 Fine Arts Dr, St. Louis, MO 63110. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | "Venerate the Plough," 1786, etching Columbian Magazine, 1786. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-31153 |
 | Hiram Powers, "America," 1848-50, plaster, 89 1/8 x 35 1/8 x 16 7/8 in. (226.5 x 89.3 x 42.8 cm) Copyright Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012. Museum purchase in memory of Ralph Cross Johnson. 1968.155.4. All rights reserved. |
 | William Rice, "A. Hawley's Inn Sign," Hartford, CT, ca. 1830, oil paint, gilt, sand and mica on wood with iron brackets; 46 7/8 x 56 1/4 x 3 3/4 in. overall Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1975.707.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | "Boston Massacre," March 5, 1770. Chromolithograph by John Bufford after William L. Champey, c. 1856.
US National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. In Edwin C. Rozwenc, ed., The Restless Americans, I, 1972, p. 49. 8.1.2 |
 | Philadelphia, c. 1799. A troop of militia gallops down High Street, later renamed Market Street after the stalls that lined it near the Delaware. "An orderly pattern of busy streets and elegant buildings." Copyright holder unknown. P. Sander, N.Y. Verso: "Founders" Week, Oct. 4 to 10, 1908, Philadelphia, PA. Copyright 1908. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, Life History of the United States, Vol. 3, "The Growing Years," 1974, p. 28. 8.1.2 |
 | John Trumbull, "The Signing of the Declaration of Independence, 1786-1820." Rotunda, US Capitol Building, Washington, DC. Courtesy of The Honorable Alan M. Hantman, FAIA, Architect of the Capitol, US Capitol, Washington, DC 20515. 8.1.2 |
 | Grant Wood, "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere," 1931. Note the height of the steeple, the lack of any but prosperous middle-class dwellings, and the intensity of light from the windows. See other copy, SY-E-16. Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. All rights reserved. In Country Beautiful, "America, This Land of Ours," 1970, p. 190. 8.1.2 |
| Grant Wood, "The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere," 1931. Note the height of the steeple, the lack of any but prosperous middle-class dwellings, and the intensity of light from the windows. See other copy, SY-E-16. Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. All rights reserved. In Country Beautiful, "America, This Land of Ours," 1970, p. 190. 8.1.2 |
 | John Trumbull, "The Declaration of Independence," 1786-94. The artist's conception is heroic and solemn. The viewer sees more than s/he could have seen at any instant of the actual event; there is a sense of action in this picture without action. The Yale University Art Gallery, P.O. Box 208271, New Haven, CT 06520-8271. In Alexander Eliot, ed., "Three Hundred Years of American Painting," 1957, p. 33. 8.1.2 |
 | From_Revolution_to_Constitution03
The Olive Branch Petition:
"Journals of the Continental Congress: Petition to the King; July 8, 1775: To the King's most excellent Majesty: MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN, We, your Majesty's faithful subjects of the colonies new Hampshire, Massachusetts bay, Rhode island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, the counties of New Castle, Kent, and Sussex, on Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, in behalf of ourselves, and the inhabitants of these colonies, who have deputed us to represent them in general Congress, entreat your Majesty's gracious attention to this our humble petition...The union between our Mother country and these colonies, and the energy of mild and just government, produced benefits so remarkably important, and afforded such an assurance of their permanency and increase, that the wonder and envy of other Nations were excited, while they beheld Great Britain riseing to a power the most extraordinary the world had ever known...Her rivals, observing that there was no probability of this happy connexion being broken by civil dissensions, and apprehending its future effects, if left any longer undisturbed, resolved to prevent her receiving such continual and formidable accessions of wealth and strength, by checking the growth of these settlements from which they were to be derived...In the prosecution of this attempt, events so unfavourable to the design took place, that every friend to the interests of Great Britain and these colonies, entertained pleasing and reasonable expectations of seeing an additional force and extension(2) immediately given to the operations of the union hitherto experienced, by an enlargement of the dominions of the Crown, and the removal of ancient and warlike enemies to a greater distance...At the conclusion, therefore, of the late war, the most glorious and advantageous that ever had been carried on by British arms, your loyal colonists having contributed to its success, by such repeated and strenuous exertions, as frequently procured them the distinguished approbation of your Majesty, of the late king, and of parliament, doubted not but that they should be permitted, with the rest of the empire, to share in the blessings of peace, and the emoluments of victory and conquest. While these recent and honorable acknowledgments of their merits remained on record in the journals and acts of that august legislature, the Parliament, undefaced by the imputation or even the suspicion of any offense, they were alarmed by a new system of statutes and regulations adopted for the administration of the colonies, that filled their minds with the most painful fears and jealousies; and, to their inexpressible astonishment, perceived the dangers of a foreign quarrel quickly succeeded by domestic dangers, in their judgment, of a more dreadful kind....Nor were their anxieties alleviated by any tendency in this system to promote the welfare of the Mother country. For tho' its effects were more immediately felt by them, yet its influence appeared to be injurious to the commerce and prosperity of Great Britain...We shall decline the ungrateful task of describing the irksome variety of artifices, practiced by many of your Majesty's Ministers, the delusive presences, fruitless terrors, and unavailing severities, that have, from time to time, been dealt out by them, in their attempts to execute this impolitic plan, or of traceing, thro'a series of years past, the progress of the unhappy differences between Great Britain and these colonies, which have flowed from this fatal source...Your Majesty's Ministers, persevering in their measures, and proceeding to open hostilities for enforcing them, have compelled us to arm in our own defence, and have engaged us in a controversy so peculiarly abhorrent to the affections of your still faithful colonists, that when we consider whom we must oppose in this contest, and if it continues, what may be the consequences, our own particular misfortunes are accounted by us only as parts of our distress...Knowing to what violent resentments and incurable animosities, civil discords are apt to exasperate and inflame the contending parties, we think ourselves required by indispensable obligations to Almighty God, to your Majesty, to our fellow subjects, and to ourselves, immediately to use all the means in our power, not incompatible with our safety, for stopping the further effusion of blood, and for averting the impending calamities that threaten the British Empire...Thus called upon to address your Majesty on affairs of such moment to America, and probably to all your dominions, we are earnestly desirous of performing this office, with the utmost deference for your Majesty; and we therefore pray, that your(3) royal magnanimity and benevolence may make the most favourable construction of our expressions on so uncommon an occasion. Could represent in their full force, the sentiments that agitate the minds of us your dutiful subjects, we are persuaded your Majesty would ascribe any seeming deviation from reverence in our language, and even in our conduct, not to any reprehensible intention, but to the impossibility of reconciling the usual appearances of respect, with a just attention to our own preservation against those artful and cruel enemies, who abuse your royal confidence and authority, for the purpose of effecting our destruction...Attached to your Majesty's person, family, and government, with all devotion that principle and affection can inspire, connected with Great Britain by the strongest ties that can unite societies, and deploring every event that tends in any degree to weaken them, we solemnly assure your Majesty, that we not only most ardently desire the former harmony between her and these colonies may be restored, but that a concord may be established between them upon so firm a basis as to perpetuate its blessings, uninterrupted by any future dissensions, to succeeding generations in both countries, and to transmit your Majesty's Name to posterity, adorned with that signal and lasting glory, that has attended the memory of those illustrious personages, whose virtues and abilities have extricated states from dangerous convulsions, and, by securing happiness to others, have erected the most noble and durable monuments to their own fame...We beg leave further to assure your Majesty, that notwithstanding the sufferings of your loyal colonists, during the course of the present controversy, our breasts retain too tender a regard for the kingdom from which we derive our origin, to request such a reconciliation as might in any manner be inconsistent with her dignity or her welfare. These, related as we are to her, honor and duty, as well as inclination, induce us to support and advance; and the apprehensions that now oppress our hearts with unspeakable grief, being once removed, your Majesty will find your faithful subjects on this continent ready and willing at all times, as they ever have been, with their lives and fortunes, to assert and maintain the rights and interests of your Majesty, and of our Mother country...We, therefore, beseech your Majesty, that your royal authority and influence may be graciously interposed to procure us relief from our afflicting fears and jealousies, occasioned by the system before mentioned, and to settle peace through every part of your dominions, with all humility submitting to your Majesty's wise consideration whether it may not be expedient for facilitating those important purposes, that your Majesty be pleased to direct some mode, by which the united applications of your faithful colonists to the throne, in pursuance of their common councils, may be improved into a happy and permanent reconciliation; and that, in the mean time, measures may be taken for preventing the further destruction of the lives of your Majesty's subjects; and that such statutes as more immediately distress any of your Majesty's colonies may be repealed...For by such arrangements as your Majesty's wisdom can form, for collecting the united sense of your American people, we are convinced your Majesty would receive such satisfactory proofs of the disposition of the colonists towards their sovereign and parent state, that the wished for opportunity would soon be restored to them, of evincing the sincerity of their professions, by every testimony of devotion becoming the most dutiful subjects, and the most affectionate colonists...That your Majesty may enjoy a long and prosperous reign, and that your descendants may govern your dominions with honor to themselves and happiness to their subjects, is our sincere and fervent prayer.
JOHN HANCOCK
colony of New hampshire
John Langdon
colony of Massachusetts bay
Thomas Cushing
Saml Adams
John Adams
Robt Treat Paine
colony of Rhode island and providence plantations
Step Hopkins
Sam: Ward
colony of Connecticut
Elipht Dyer
Roger Sherman
Silas Deane
colony of New York
Phil. Livingston
Jas Duane
John Alsop
Frans Lewis
John Jay
Robt R Livingston junr
Lewis Morris
Wm Floyd
Henry Wisner
New Jersey
Wil: Livingston
John De Hart
Richd Smith
Pennsylvania
John Dickinson
B Franklin
Geo: Ross
James Wilson
Chas Humphreys
Edwd Diddle
counties of New Castle Kent and Sussex on delawar
Caesar Rodney
Thos M° Kean
Geo: Read
Maryland
Mat. Tilghman
Ths Johnson Junr
W Paca
Samuel Chase
Thos Stone
colony of Virginia
P. Henry Jr
Richard Henry Lee
Edmund Pendleton
Bend Harrison
Th: Jefferson
North Carolina
Will Hooper
Joseph Hewes
South Carolina
Henry Middleton
Tho Lynch
Christ Gadsden
J. Rutledge
Edward Rutledge.(4) Journals of the Continental Congress 1774-1779, vol. II, pp. 158-172. Edited from the original records in the Library of Congress by Worthington Chauncey Ford, Chief, Division of Manuscripts, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1905. USMARC Cataloging Record. © 1999 The Avalon Project: Journals of the Continental Congress, William C. Fray, The Yale Law School, 127 Wall St, New Haven, CT 06520. |
 | Rev-p05-d01
John Hancock, 1765. A Harvard graduate, radical Whig and Congregationalist, Boston's John Hancock became one of America's wealthiest men during the French and Indian War. John Singleton Copley, oil on canvas. Museum of Fine Arts, Avenue of the Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5597. Deposited by the City of Boston. Acc. No. L-R 30.76d. |
 | Rev-p02-d03
"The wise men of Gotham and their goose," a satirical British cartoon on the American Revolution, 1776. Lord Bute, with sword raised, is about to cut the head off the goose "who laid each day an egg of gold," representing British policies toward the American colonies. In the foreground a fat bishop observes the scene, while other men hold the goose down or watch from the background. Mezzotint.
(London: W. Humphrey, Gerrard St, Soho, 1776.) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-1514. |
 | Rev-p05-d04
The Declaration of Independence is presented in Independence Hall, Philadelphia, by the committee who drafted it: John Adams, Roger Sherman, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson, who presents the document to John Hancock, the President of the Continental Congress. The painting includes portraits of 42 of the 56 signers and five other patriots. Adams is standing on Jefferson's foot. - Independence Hall Association. John Trumbull, oil on canvas, 12' x 18'; commissioned in 1817 and placed in the Capitol Rotunda, Washington, DC, in 1826.
Independence Hall Association, 2022 Waverly St, Philadelphia, PA 19146. ushistory.org. |
 | Rev-p02-e03
"The Tory's Day of Judgment," 1795. "Colonists prepare to tar and feather a loyalist seated on the ground as another loyalist hangs from from a gallows with a rope around his waist." - Library of Congress. E. Tisdale engraving. John Trumbull, "M'Fingal," (New York, 1795). Library of Congress Rare Book & Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-7708. |
 | Rev-p05-c04
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, the site of the meeting of the Second Continental Congress, which set up the Continental Army and chose George Washington to lead it, 1775. W.L. Breton print after Charles Willson Peale drawing, 1778, detail. William L. Breton, "State House in 1778," Athenæum of Philadelphia, 219 S 6th St, No. 1, Philadelphia, PA 19106. Original painting by Peale at Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107. |
 | Rev-p19-e03
Chief Justice John Marshall, 1808. C.B.J. de Saint-Mémin engraving. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-54940. Original portrait at Duke University Law School, Science Drive & Towerview Rd, Durham, NC 27708. |
 | Rev-p14-a03
"New Constitution Sep. 17, 1787." The Federalist banquet at ten tables, symbolizing the ten states that had ratified the new US Constitution by July 1788. Six thousand attended the New York City banquet celebrating New York's ratification, 1788. David Grim drawing. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park W, New York, NY 10024. |
 | Rev-p05-d02
"Mercy Otis Warren," a prolific American author, historian, patriot, and revolutionary. John Singleton Copley, oil on canvas, c. 1763.
Copyright © Museum of Fine Arts, Avenue of the Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5597. Bequest of Winslow Warren, 1931. Acc. No. 31.212. All rights reserved. |
 | Rev-p01-e02
"King George III, Queen Charlotte and their six eldest children," 1770. Johan Zoffany oil portrait. Presumably commissioned by George III or Queen Charlotte. Copyright The Royal Collection © 2008, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. RCIN 400501. The Surveyor of The Queen’s Pictures, York House, St James's Palace, London, England SW1A 1BQ UNITED KINGDOM. All rights reserved. |
 | Rev-p01-d02
"The Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man, or Tarring and Feathering," 1774. "Colonists in Boston pour tea down the throat of a tarred-and-feathered tax collector....In the background colonists dump British tea into the Harbor to protest unfair taxation, leading to the American Revolution (1775-83)." - Colonial Williamsburg. Philip Dawe (attrib.), 1774. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Our thanks to Colonial Williamsburg for its generous contributions over the years to our Project. |
 | Rev-p14-b03
Abigail Adams, 1766. "Wife of the second president of the United States and mother of the sixth, Abigail Adams' multiple claims to fame also rest on her championing of women's rights, including the right to an education. Her voluminous correspondence is full of wit and vivid insights into the early years of her beloved nation. She shared and helped shape her husband's political thought and career, and excelled in the management of their farm and finances." - US Dept of State, Bureau of International Information Programs. Benjamin Blyth, pastel on paper. Courtesy of The Massachusetts Historical Society, 1154 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215-3695. Our thanks to The Massachusetts Historical Society. |
 | Rev-p02-a03
Samuel Adams, American patriot, c. 1772. John Singleton Copley, oil on canvas.
Museum of Fine Arts, Avenue of the Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5597. Deposited by the City of Boston. Acc. No: L-R 30.76c. |
 | Rev-p02-a01
Effigy of stamp distributor ridiculed by colonial mob protesting the Stamp Act, Portsmouth, NH, 1765. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10028-0198. http://metmus.org. |
 | Rev-p05-e02
Announcing the Declaration of Independence, 1776: "The manner in which the American colonies declared themselves independent of the King of England, throughout the different provinces, on July 4, 1776." A man on horseback rides through town reading the Declaration of Independence to cheering crowds; a notice has been posted on a wall: "America independent 1776." - Library of Congress. Print, c. 1783. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-11336. |
 | Rev-p05-d03
Benjamin Franklin reads a draft of the Declaration of Independence to John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, who holds a feather pen and paper. Reproduction of "Drafting the Declaration of Independence," J.L.G. Ferris painting, c. 1900.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-96219. |
 | Rev-p05-e04
"Pulling Down the Statue of King George III, Bowling Green, City of New York, by the Sons of Freedom," July, 1776. "A romantic version painted decades later. Historical inaccuracies include portraying George III in contemporary garb, and women and children at the scene." - New-York Historical Society. J.A. Oertel painting, detail, c. 1859. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park W, New York, NY 10024. Donor: Samuel Verplanck Hoffman, 1925. Acc. No: 1925.6. |
 | Rev-p13-b01
John Adams, 1793, Philadelphia. John Trumbull, oil on canvas.
Copyright © National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Victor Building–Suite 4100 MRC 973, Washington, DC 20013-7012. NPG.75.52. All rights reserved. |
 | Rev-p05-e01
"In Congress, July 4, 1776. A Declaration By the Representatives of the United States of America, In General Congress Assembled." Broadside.
(Philadelphia: John Dunlap, July 4, 1776). Library of Congress Manuscript Division, Washington, DC 20540. |
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"Gen. George Washington Resigning His Commission," 1783. "Washington submits his resignation as Army Commander-in-Chief to the Congress. Washington stands in the center of the room at the Maryland State House in Annapolis - where Congress was meeting at the time - and addresses the president of the Congress, Thomas Mifflin. Among the other members are Elbridge Gerry, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and James Madison. John Trumbull, who created this painting, served under Washington in the Continental Army." - LEARN NC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Education. Painting purchased for display in the Capitol Rotunda, Washington, DC, 1824.
Courtesy of Mr. Stephen T. Ayers, AIA, Acting Architect of the Capitol, US Capitol, Washington, DC 20515. |
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"Green Dragon Tavern: Where we met to Plan the Consignment of a few Shiploads of Tea, Dec 16 1773," for the Boston Tea Party. John Johnston (c. 1753-1818) watercolor sketch, n.d. Johnston was an African American artist in Boston who served in the Continental Army as an artillerist. Print. Location of print unknown. Original at American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. |
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"The repeal, or the funeral procession of Miss Americ-Stamp," 1766 or later. This cartoon celebrates the repeal of the Stamp Act - and the hoped-for boost in trade that would result - by mocking those leaders who supported the tax. At the center, led by Dr. William Scott, is the funeral procession itself, a group of men on the banks of the Thames River, London. Behind them is a row of warehouses, one of which is labeled "The Sheffield and Birmingham Warehouse Goods now ship'd for America." Dr. Scott stands at the open doors of the tomb and holds the text of his sermon while a dog urinates on his leg. Two flag bearers follow. Behind them stands George Grenville carrying a child-sized coffin, and next in line are five men in various states of distress, followed by two bishops who bring up the rear. On the quay behind the bishops are two bales labeled "Stamps from America" and "Black cloth return'd from America." - Library of Congress. Benjamin Wilson (attributed), engraving. (London, 1766.) Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-1505. |
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Thaddeus Kosciuszko (1746-1817), a Polish general who led Poland's uprising against Russia in 1794. He had fought in the American Revolutionary War on the American side, for which the US Congress awarded him the rank of Brigadier-General. Owner and location unknown. Formerly at Fawley Court Foundation, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, England, UNITED KINGDOM. |
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"The Treaty of Peace," 1783, officially ended the American Revolutionary War against Great Britain. Pictured are John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin. The British commissioners refused to pose, so the painting was never finished. Benjamin West sketch, 1783. Adams National Historical Park, 135 Adams St, Quincy, MA 02169. |
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"Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia," 1763. Edward Fisher mezzotint after Mason Chamberlin.
Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-ppmsca-10083. |
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Cartoon showing Charles Fox's split sympathies, half-radical, half-royalist. With the coming of the American Revolution and the influence of the Whig Edmund Burke, the British politician Charles Fox became radical, supporting the American and French revolutions, religious tolerance and individual liberty, and opposing slavery. c. 1776? British Museum, Great Russell St, London, England WC1B 3DG UNITED KINGDOM. |
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Thomas Jefferson, 1791, Philadelphia. Copyprint of Charles Willson Peale, oil on canvas.
Independence National Historical Park Collection, US National Park Service, 143 S 3rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19106. |
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