 | An Anti-federalist cartoon of an exciseman during the Whiskey Rebellion. The Atwater Kent Museum, 15 South 7th St., Philadelphia, PA 19106. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., Vol. I, 1968, p. 52. 8.2.4, 8.3.5 |
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In 1787, after the American Revolution, Daniel Shays and Job Shattuck led an unsuccessful uprising of 1,200 poor Massachusetts farmers against the state government for redress of their grievances, including high property taxes, poll taxes, and an unfair judicial system. Shays and others were sentenced to death for treason but pardoned by Governor John Hancock. The state began reforms, and "that summer, the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia struggled to create a stronger central government that would 'establish justice and insure domestic tranquillity.' Shays's Rebellion helped lead to the creation of a stronger central government and the adoption of the United States Constitution." - Richard Colton, Historian, Springfield Armory NHS. "Bickerstaff's Boston Almanack for 1787," National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Victor Building - Ste 4100 MRC 973, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Text: Springfield Armory National Historic Site, US National Park Service, One Armory Square, Suite 2, Springfield, MA 01105-1299. |
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"Gen. George Washington Reviewing the Western army at Fort Cumberland," Maryland, 1794. President Washington, as commander in chief, led troops to put down the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania. The military might available to a president has increased ever since. Frederick Kemmelmeyer painting.
Copyright © Winterthur Museum & Country Estate, Route 52, Winterthur, DE 19735. All rights reserved. |
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American troops fighting rebels during Shays' rebellion in western Massachusetts, 1786. Shays' failed attempt to capture an arsenal ended in bloodshed. Although it was put down, Shays' Rebellion convinced many throughout the States that the new nation, under the weak Articles of Confederation, might not be capable of calm self-governance. Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20540. |
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Anti-tax frontiersmen tar and feather a whiskey excise tax collector during the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, 1794. Engraving. Kean Collection, Hulton Archive, Getty Images, 601 North 34th St, Seattle, WA 98103. |
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"Congressional pugilists," a heated partisan debate, cartoon, 1798. A fight on the floor of Congress between Vermont Representative Matthew Lyon, a Jeffersonian Republican, and Roger Griswold of Connecticut, a Federalist. "Griswold had accused Lyon of cowardice during the American Revolution and Lyon responded by spitting tobacco juice in Griswold's face." The interior of Congress Hall is shown. Several others look on as Griswold, armed with a cane, kicks Lyon, who grasps his arm and raises a pair of fireplace tongs to strike him. Below are the verses: "He in a trice struck Lyon thrice / Upon his head, enrag'd sir, / Who seiz'd the tongs to ease his wrongs, / And Griswold thus engag'd, sir." Print, 1798, Philadelphia. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-ppmsca-15707. |
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"Judgment Day of the Tories," 1795. E. Tisdale engraving. John Trumbull, "M'Fingal," 1795. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-51681. |
“The History Project experience is usually described [by Elk Grove teachers] as high quality, easily applicable and very collaborative. Teachers enjoy being treated like professionals and enjoy their opportunities to network and collaborate with other professionals at these workshops. Teachers generally comment on the importance of learning new content. Even the veteran history teacher will remark that he or she is never too experienced to learn new things and it is clear that this enthusiasm has to carry over into the classroom. The program has changed the philosophy and the approach that some teachers are taking to teaching literacy in the history classroom.”
Dave Byrd
District History Program Specialist
Elk Grove Unified School District Curriculum and Professional Learning Department