 | Diagram of a slave ship, 1831 Robert Walsh, "Notices of Brazil in 1828 and 1829" (Boston and New York, 1831), vol. 2, facing title page. The British Library, St Pancras, 96 Euston Rd, London NW1 2DB, England, UK |
 | Slave ship hull with representation of Africans' bodies, drawing; full title: "Stowage of the British slave ship Brookes under the regulated slave trade act of 1788," etching, broadside Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-44000 |
 | Slave stowage aboard British slave ship under Regulated Slave Act of 1788, broadside, etching, 1788? Library of Congress Rare Books and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/guide/ra023002.jpg. LC-USZ62-44000 |
| "Stowage of the British slave ship 'Brookes' under the Regulated Slave Trade Act of 1788," 1788? Guide to legal packing of slaves into a ship's hold Library of Congress Rare Books and Special Collections, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-44000. www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/guide/ra023002.jpg |
 | Wayside Inn, Sudbury, MA, winter Copyright holder unknown. Longfellow's Wayside Inn, 72 Wayside Inn Rd, Sudbury MA 01776. |
 | Wayside Inn, Sudbury, MA, summer Copyright holder unknown. Longfellow's Wayside Inn, 72 Wayside Inn Rd, Sudbury MA 01776. |
 | Sturbridge Store, Asa Knight Store, built in Vermont 1810, enlarged 1826, 1837, Old Sturbridge
Village, MA Karen Halttunen photo. Old Sturbridge Village, MA |
 | Pre-industrial shoemaking shop, 1880, print Courtesy of The New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. Our thanks to the NYPL for its generosity. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Conversation Piece, Hartford Family" in elegant drawing room, 1840-45 The White House Collection, The White House, Washington, DC 20500 |
 | Unidentified artist, "Portrait of Deborah Richmond," probably Suffield, CT, 1797, oil on canvas; unframed: 45 3/4 x 34 3/4 in. (116.2 x 88.3 cm) Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1974.100.3. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Temperance: "Solo Drinking," a drunken man lying frozen to death in snow, 19th century The Plow, April 1852. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | John Lewis Krimmel, "Village Tavern," 1813-14. A wife and child confront a drinking man; black and white version of Slide 1989. Copyright The Toledo Museum of Art, 2445 Monroe St, Toledo, OH 43620. All rights reserved. |
 | Ad, Fashionable sobriety, gentlemen and lady in New York, c. 1872. "New York fashions for November 1872." E. Butterick & Co. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-30412 |
 | R.B. Crafft, "The Merchant," probably IN, KY or TN, 1836, oil on canvas, unframed: 30 x 25 1/8 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1935.100.1. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | View of Franklin St., Boston, MA, a genteel neighborhood, 1855, wood engraving Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion, 9, Aug. 11, 1855, p. 81. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ61-249 |
 | Subdued "walking" costumes, 1885 National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, NMAH, MRC 601, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Elegant waiting room, The Meade Gallery, daguerreotype studio, New York City, 1853. Title: "Interior view of Meade Brothers' Daguerreotype Gallery, Broadway, New York." Gleason's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion (Boston) Vol. 4, No. 6 (5 February 1853) p. 96. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. Call No: AP2 .B227 (Case Y) [P&P] Set 1 |
 | Broadside, Barnum's "What Is It?" (man or monkey?), Currier & Ives, c. 1860 Somers Historical Society, Inc., P.O. Box 652, Somers, CT 06071 |
 | Taylor, "An American Slave Market" or "The Auction Sale," 1852 Harper's Weekly, 1852. Chicago Historical Society, 1601 N Clark St, Chicago, IL 60614 |
 | "The Whale Fishery - Attacking a Right Whale," Currier and Ives, 1860, lithograph with hand coloring, 22.2 x 31.8 cm (image); 29.4 x 39.2 cm (sheet)
Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, Golden Gate Park, 50 Hagiwara Tea Garden Dr, San Francisco, CA 94118. Gift of Joseph Martin Jr. 1994.120.15 |
 | Moffat's Life Pills, "purify the blood!," New York City, c. 1860, ad poster; use of repeated simple facts Location unknown |
 | Fertilizer made from bones of a mastodon skeleton, 1887, ad Location unknown. In Bob Perlongo, ed., "Early American Advertising," 1985, p. 24 |
 | "The Kodak Christmas Story," 1905-10, ad The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Carter's Little Liver Pills, 1890, ad Location unknown. In Bryan Holme, "Advertising: Reflections of a Century," 1982, p. 16 |
 | Willimantic Thread, "Jumbo must go," c. 1883, trade card; Forbes Co., Boston The New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018 |
 | Wrigley's Gum bill poster going up, n.d. Copyright holder unknown. In Hal Morgan and Andreas Brown, "Prairie Fires and Paper Moons: The American Photographic Postcard 1900-1920," 1981, David R. Godine, Publisher, 9 Hamilton Place, Boston, MA 02108-4715 |
 | Electric hair brush, "The Germ of Life is Electricity," 1882, ad Strong National Museum of Play®, One Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607 |
 | Pabst malt extract, "Languid?," medieval knight, extra energy, c. 1895, ad McClure's Magazine, c. 1895. In Harvey Green, "Fit for America," 1986, p. 278 |
 | Vacuum treatment to "remove infection" from skin, Saratoga Springs, NY, c. 1875, ad The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave, between 12th and 14th Sts, NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | "Gymnastic Crown," cast iron, for leg and back muscles, 1862, ad graphic Strong National Museum of Play®, One Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607 |
 | Wage earner. A wage earner receives an enthusiastic welcome home. Sunday School Union Publications. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, "American Manners and Morals," 1969, pp. 184-5. 8.6.5, 8.4.3 |
 | "Plow deep while sluggards sleep; and you shall have corn to sell and keep." "Work today, for you know not how much you may be hindered tomorrow." 1795, engraving. "Bowles' Moral Pictures: or Poor Richard Illustrated, Being Lessons for the Young and Old on Industry, Temperance, Frugality, &.," 1795. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, PA. In Bernard A. Weisberger, "The American Heritage History of the American People," 1971, p. 65. 8.4.3 |
 | Rip Van Winkle from the upstairs lobby of Bear Mountain Lodge, along the Hudson River, across from Peekskill, N.Y. Painting. Roland Marchand photo, 1993. 8.4.3, 8.12.5 |
 | Balthazar's Feast in "Laurel Wreath," a popular Christian gift book in 1845. Was society breaking down? Religious seekers of life thought there was no hope. A man could never be regenerate, gain ascendency into the portals of heaven, or realize any sort of final salvation while he listened to men of "genius, talent or eloquence," as Reverend Burchard declared in "Laurel Wreath." Secular man would only transgress the mightiest of religious principles, and fall, as at Balthazar's feast, into the most bottomless pit of destruction. The Feast becomes a symbol of decadence, self-destruction and greed. The book was for those who hoped for salvation as a way out of the morass circling around them, a possible escape from the ills creeping into American life. "Laurel Wreath," 1845. In Edwin C. Rozwenc, ed., The Making of American Society, I, 1973, p. 488ff. 8.4.3, 8.12.5 |
 | John P. Oertel, "Things as they were and Things as they are," drawing and lithograph, 1853. The message here is that the old days were better than the new; the villain who destroyed them was Johann Gutenberg (on pedestal). Things as they were: a monk is seated, writing quietly in his cell; outside the window is a pleasant prospect of trees, houses and church. Things as they are: a yelling newsboy is the center of interest; behind him, a newspaper editor; above his desk is artificial light; he looks out the window on a hulking factory belching smoke; also a telegraph pole and ships of commerce. At the base of the lithograph is a speeding train versus a courier on horseback. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-19456. In Carl Bode, Midcentury America, 1972, p. 21. 8.4.3, 8.12.5 |
 | The Commissioners' Plan of New York City, 1811. This was the street plan formulated by three planning commissioners in 1811 for most of the undeveloped land of Manhattan Island. The plan stopped at Harlem because "…it is improbable that (for centuries to come) the grounds north of Harlem Flat will be covered with houses." The commissioners, motivated mainly by considerations of economy and practicality, laid down a grid street pattern, regardless of the varying topography of the area. This plan was used in the future development of the city. Old New York City is the area on the extreme left. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 298. 8.4.3 |
 | Plan of Chicago, Illinois, 1834. The early growth of Chicago was due to land speculation. The town was planned and laid out in 1830 so that the state of Illinois could sell town lots to finance the construction of a canal there. A grid street pattern was laid out at that time, located around the forks of the river in the center, and each succeeding addition had its streets laid out connecting with or parallel to this original gridiron. The population of Chicago in 1834 was about 1800. Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In John W. Reps, "The Making of Urban America," Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J., 1965, p. 301. 8.4.3 |
 | Ca-P08-e2
Trading whiskey for furs in western Canada. A white fur trader offers whiskey to a Native American, 1871, before the "whiskey forts" were established. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 1871. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-37832. |
 | Col-P05-e1
Map: The Antilles, showing the Papal Line of Demarcation, 1502, Alberto Cantinho; detail showing Atlantic Ocean between western Europe, western Africa, West Indies, and eastern Brazil. Fragment of map sent from Lisbon to the Duke of Ferrara, 1502. (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1883). Original in private collection. Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, Largo Di Porta S. Agostino, 337, 41100 Modena (MO), ITALY. www.cedoc.mo.it. |
 | Col-P12-a2
John Winthrop, 1640s, was a major author of American exceptionalism, the idea "that the United States alone has the right, whether by divine sanction or moral obligation, to bring civilization, or democracy, or liberty to the rest of the world, by violence if necessary." - Howard Zinn. In his sermon, "A Model of Christian Charity," Winthrop presents the idea of Manifest Destiny: "For wee must consider that wee shall be as a citty upon a hill. The eies of all people are uppon us." A founder and governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, he helped to establish the government at Boston. American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. |
 | Jacksons_America20
Five-dollar bill, Mt. Kean County Bank, Smithport, PA, Jacksonian period. With lumber-yard vignette and orange underprint. Location unknown. In R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 313. |
 | Jeffersons_Republic02
Graph: "American Foreign Trade, 1790-1812." ASK Copyright © R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1. All rights reserved. |
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