 | Joint stool, 1650-1700, Plymouth County, poss. Duxbury, MA, red oak, white pine; overall: 47.6 x 33 x 30.5 cm (18 3/4 x 13 x 12 in.),
Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of David and Marjory L. Blaney, 1994. Accession number: 1994.61 |
 | English tygs, lead-glazed earthenware, two four-handled, one two-handled, 17th century Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Four-handled tygs, 17th century Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Tygs, 17th century Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Joined chest with two drawers, Wethersfield, CT, 1675-95 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Joined stool, n.d. Peabody Essex Museum, East India Square, Salem, MA 01970. |
 | Gravestone, Ruth Carter, Granary Burying Ground, Boston, MA, 1697-8, full skeleton carving Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plates 167, 168 |
 | Gravestone, William Dickson, Cambridge, MA, 1692, imprint with dart and hourglass Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plates 24, 25 |
 | The Charlestown Carver, gravestone, Thomas Kendel, Wakefield, MA, 1678, winged death's head Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 164 |
 | Gravestone, Joseph Tapping, King's Chapel Burying Ground, Boston, MA, 1678, slate; death's head, time, hourglass Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 55 |
 | Gravestone, John Person, Wakefield, MA, 1679, winged death, "Here lies ye body" Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 10b. Joseph Modugno photo? |
 | Gravestone, Joanna Ingles, Copp's Hill, Boston, MA, 1678, classic winged death's head Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 165b. Joseph Modugno photo? |
 | The Freake-Gibbs Painter, "Mrs. Elizabeth [Clarke] Freake and Baby Mary," c. 1674, oil on canvas, 108 × 93.3 cm. Courtesy of The Worcester Art Museum, 55 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609. All rights reserved. Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Albert W. Rice. (1963.134). Our thanks to the Worcester Art Museum. |
 | Gravestone, Anna Hitchcock, Cheshire, CT, 1795, "died at 27 years old," portrait with stylized heart Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Gravestone, Martha Green, Harvard, MA, 1770, mother with baby and willows Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 57a |
 | Gravestone, Sarah Hunt, Rumford, RI, 1799, realistic angel face with wings Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Gravestone, Susanna Jayne, Marblehead, MA, 1776, skeleton with moon and sun; slate, Henry Christian Geyer, carver Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 6 |
 | Gravestone, Patience Watson, Burial Hill, Plymouth, MA, 1767, realistic portrait and costume Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 180 |
 | Gravestone, Elizabeth Morton, Burial Hill, Plymouth, MA, 1790, realistic portrait and costume Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 181 |
 | Funeral broadside, Rebekah Sewall, probably Boston, MA, 1710, "All must die but saints go to heaven" Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Headstone, Joseph Tapping, King's Chapel, Boston, MA, after 1768, detail Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 151a |
 | Gravestone, Rebecca Gerrish, King's Chapel, Boston, MA, 1743, time with death snuff candle Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate16a |
 | Gravestone, Robert Cutler, Brookfield, MA, 1761, portrait with birds, not wings Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate118b |
 | Gravestone, Samuel Hall, Meriden, CT, 1795, portrait and profile, medallion Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 152b |
 | Headstone, Priscilla Adams, Concord, MA, 1754, neutral face Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Headstone, Jonathan Melven, Concord, MA, 1737, abstract face with wings Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Gravestone, David Forbes, Windsor, CT, 1729, "Here lieth the body," no graphic Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 143 |
 | Gravestone, Capt. Samuel Dwight, Enfield, CT, 1763, "In memory of," very architectural Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 56a |
 | Gravestone, Col. Jonas Clark, Chelmsford, MA, 1770, portrait and angels with book and trumpet Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 99 |
 | Headstone, David Melven, Concord, MA, 1745, abstract, primitive face Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Headstone, Thomas Munroe, New England, 1750, winged death's head with flowers Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Gravestone, Joseph Remals, Norwichtown, CT, 1728-29, modernistic-primitive winged head Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 224a |
 | Headstone, John Melven, Concord, MA, 1726, winged death's head Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Gravestone, Ebenezer Fisk, Lexington, MA, 1775, medallion portrait, book end Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 183C |
 | Headstone, John Temple, Concord, MA, 1734, winged death's head Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Headstone, Jonathan Knight, Concord, MA, 1711, winged death's head, with crown(?) Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), |
 | Gravestone, Elizabeth Coggeshall, Newport, RI, 1773, portrait (?) with wings Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 23a |
 | Gravestone, Betsey Russell, Stratford, CT, 1790, urn and willow Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 193a |
 | Headstone, Elizabeth Blood, Concord, MA, 1775, portrait, in coffin(?) Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Headstone, Hugh Cargill, Concord, MA, 1799, installed urn with willow Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Gravestone, Thomas Prentice, Lexington, MA, 1760, "Memento mori," winged death's head Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 4b |
 | Gravestone, Elizabeth Clark, Chelmsford, MA, 1767, angel with trumpet Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966), plate 31a |
 | Headstone, Mary Melven, Concord, MA, 1754, abstract face Copyright holder unknown. In Allan Ludwig, "Graven Images: New England Stonecarving and Its Symbols, 1650-1815" (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1966) |
 | Snuff handkerchief, "Industry and Idleness," detail, England, 1770-85, copper-plate printed linen, 27 x 30 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1950-104. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Ladies' undergarments, England and America, c.1740-60, linen, cotton and crewel needlework Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1956-578. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Portrait of Deborah Glen," Albany, NY, c. 1739, oil on canvas; unframed: 57 1/2 in. x 35 3/8 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1964.100.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Candle recess Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Porringer Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Brown/gold counterpane Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Free-standing stove (furnace) Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Pile of chamber pots Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Apothecary shop exterior Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Black silversmith Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Tailoring shop Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Mary Dickinson shop Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Printing office and post office Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Shop window, bow Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Raleigh Tavern, built 1717 (originally) Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Gaoler's Apartment, interior of Public Gaol, built 1704 (originally) Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Chowning tavern sign Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Printing office and post office Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Boot and shoemaker's Shop, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Street in Williamsburg Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Trade sign, furniture maker Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Raleigh Tavern Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Mary Dickinson shop Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Chowning's Tavern, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Mr. Wetherburn's Tavern, begun 1738 Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Christiana Campbell's Tavern, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Small home in Williamsburg Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Brick-making yard, with kiln(?) Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Jail exterior Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Jail door Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Interior of patient's cell, public hospital, Williamsburg, VA, begun 1771, "the first building in North America devoted solely to the treatment of the mentally ill." Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Milliner's storefront Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Wigmaker's shop, interior Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Tavern exterior; chalice symbol above bench? Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Raleigh Tavern sign Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Apothecary sign Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Jar in corner Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Robertson's Windmill, Williamsburg, VA Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | The Cole Shop Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Prentis Shop Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Printing office and post office Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Cabinet maker Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Wigmaker's shop Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Blacksmith at forge Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Blacksmith at forge Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Blacksmith forge Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Blacksmith at forge Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Black silversmith Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Bow windows (store front?) Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Jeweler storefront and sign Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Wigmaker's shop Karen Halttunen photo |
 | "House-Breakers," London, published Aug. 1, 1791, hand-colored combination etching and aquatint by Rowlandson, 1788. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. 1939-298. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | William Hogarth, "Midnight Modern Conversation," 1732-3, print; 17 15/16 x 22 5/8 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1950-730. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | John Singleton Copley, "Henry Pelham (Boy with a Squirrel)," 1765, detail, oil on canvas, 77.15 x 63.82 cm (30 3/8 x 25 1/8 in.)
Copyright Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of the artist's great granddaughter, 1978. Accession number: 1978.297. All rights reserved. |
 | John Singleton Copley, "Henry Pelham (Boy with a Squirrel)," 1765, detail, oil on canvas, 77.15 x 63.82 cm (30 3/8 x 25 1/8 in.)
Copyright Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of the artist's great granddaughter, 1978. Accession number: 1978.297. All rights reserved. |
 | Blanket chest, Dwight House, Springfield(?), MA, 18th century, third floor, south bedroom Karen Halttunen photo |
 | 18th century fireplace PA, 1738, smaller than its 17th century counterparts Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | Kitchen/work room, Stencil House, Columbus, NY, 1790 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Room in Shumway House, Fiskedale, MA, c. 1740; Windsor chairs are 1780-1810 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Wingback (?) chair Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Wingback (?) chair Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Old Kitchen, Wayside Inn, Sudbury, MA Copyright holder unknown. Longfellow's Wayside Inn, 72 Wayside Inn Rd, Sudbury MA 01776. |
 | Chest of drawers, Boston, MA, 1760-90; serpentine interpretation of Chippendale Worcester style Karen Halttunen photo |
 | High chest of drawers, Boston, MA, 1700-20, walnut and burl walnut veneer Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Apothecary chest, probably Ipswich, MA, 17th century Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Mary Best, Stumpwork sampler, England, 1693, silk needlework with padded details on linen; 8 1/2 x 34 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1955-45. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | Quilting frame, Williamsburg, VA Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Quilting frame, mid-19th century Copyright holder unknown. National Museum of American History, PO Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution Bldg, Rm 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. All rights reserved. |
 | Crib blanket, PA, c. 1860; appliquéd cherries are stuffed and applied Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Lucretia Hall, Embroidered blanket, Charlemont, MA, early 19th century Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Creamware, c. 1790; children's tureen one-and-a-half inches long Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Children's mug earthenware, "A fine morning sister," c. 1810 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | High chair, New England, 1730-60 Karen Halttunen photo. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT. |
 | Windsor side chair for child, 1790-1815 Karen Halttunen photo. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, CT. |
 | Quilting frame, Williamsburg, VA Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Mary Welsh, Sampler Location unknown. Commercial. All rights reserved. |
 | Embroidered view of Harvard Hall. Attributed to Mary Leverett Denison Rogers. Silk, wool, and gilt-silver yarns on open plain-weave linen, ca. first half of the 18th century. Courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 1154 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02215-3695. Our thanks to The Society. |
 | Mary Austin, Sampler, Salem, MA, 1784 Location unknown. Commercial. All rights reserved. |
 | Jeremiah Dummer, Tankard, Boston, MA, c. 1709; descended in the Williams family of Deerfield, MA Courtesy of Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Portrait of Deborah Richmond," probably Suffield, CT, 1797, oil on canvas; unframed: 45 3/4 x 34 3/4 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1974.100.3. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Ralph Earl, "Dr. E. Hunt," 1799; Wright Music Room Copyright Historic Deerfield, Inc., Box 321 Deerfield, MA 01342-0321. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Historic Deerfield. |
 | Gilbert Stuart, "The Skater (Portrait of William Grant)," 1782, oil on canvas, 245.5 x 147.4 cm (96 1/4 x 58 in.)
Copyright National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr, Landover, MD 20785. Andrew W. Mellon Collection. 1950.18.1. All rights reserved. www.nga.gov |
 | "Colton Family Register" showing high infant mortality, early 18th century Copyright Longmeadow Historical Society, 697 Longmeadow St, Longmeadow, MA 01106. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Society. |
 | The Beardsley Limner (attributed), "Mrs. (Harmony Child) Oliver Wight," and "Portrait of Oliver Wight," probably Sturbridge, MA, 1786-93, oil on canvas; both: 31 1/4 x 25 1/2 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1957.100.10 and 1957.100.9. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | "Manhood," new fatherhood, The Ages of Man, 1760; stressed "love and care" Location unknown |
 | Joshua Johnston (attributed), Black portraitist, "Mrs. John Moale and Her Grand-Daughter Ellen," probably in bed-chamber, Baltimore, MD, c. 1803, oil on canvas, 103.82 cm (40.88 in.) x 89.54 cm (35.25 in.)
Copyright holder unknown. Christie's, 20 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NY 10020. |
 | Charles Wilson Peale, "Mrs. Rachel Brewer Peale with Daughter (Rachel Weeping)," 1772; his wife, and infant daughter dead of smallpox, oil on canvas, 93.5 x 81.4 cm Copyright Philadelphia Museum of Art, Benjamin Franklin Parkway and 26th St., Philadelphia, PA 19130. http://www.philamuseum.org. All rights reserved. |
 | John Brewster, Jr., "Mother with Son (Lucy Knapp Mygatt (1766-1804) and George Mygatt (1797-1888))", 1799, oil on canvas, 54-1/4 x 40", 87.1 Copyright Palmer Museum of Art, Curtain Road, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. All rights reserved. Gift of Mrs. Nancy Adams McCord. The image is intended for educational use only and is not to be reproduced for commercial purposes. Our thanks to The Palmer. |
 | Ralph Earl, "Mrs. Benjamin Tallmadge and Children," 1790. Copyright Litchfield Historical Society, PO Box 385, 7 South St, Litchfield, CT 06759. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Society. |
 | High chair for child, Pennsylvania, 1740-75 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Children's ceramic creamware and porcelain tea set, c.1780 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Joseph Badger (attributed), "Portrait of Two Children," probably Boston, MA, c. 1760, oil on canvas; unframed: 41 1/8 x 49 3/4 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1957.100.15. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Jeremiah Paul, "Four Children Playing in a Courtyard," 1795, oil, 38 3/4 x 49 3/4 in. (98.4 x 126.4 cm.).
Copyright holder unknown. Yale University Art Gallery? Kennedy Galleries? |
 | Kite-flyer, 18th century, woodcut Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | "Whoop-and-hide" (hide-and-seek), 18th century, woodcut Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Two boys at shuttlecock, 18th century, woodcut Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | The Beardsley Limner (attributed), "Young Boy in Green Suit," probably New England, probably 1790, oil on canvas; 35 1/2 x 27 3/8 in.
Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1964.100.4. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Charles Willson Peale, "The Artist in His Museum," 1822, self-portrait, inviting us in, oil on canvas, 103 3/4 x 79 7/8" (263.5 x 202.9 cm) Copyright The Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, 118 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19102. The George W.Elkins Collection. All rights reserved. |
 | Mongoose with classical ruins, France, 1765 Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de Buffon, "Histoire Naturelle," 1765; reprint Philippe Gonin, Paris, FR, 1939 |
 | Interior, Salem Towne House, family parlor(?), 1796, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Parsonage through tin shop window, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Parsonage, 1748, detail, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Edward Hicks (attributed), "Henry Vanhorn Shop Sign," probably Newtown, PA, 1800-05, oil and pencil on yellow poplar panel with iron, 18 7/8 x 56 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1986.707.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Paul Sandby, "Any Cotton Laces or Garters," England, c. 1759, watercolor; mounted: 12 7/16 x 9 1/8 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1965-131,10. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Colonial Williamsburg. |
 | Unidentified artist, "The Yankee Peddler," with affluent farm family, c. 1830 Copyright holder unknown. |
 | George Lehman and Childs, "Dance in a Country Tavern," pre-industrial leisure, lithograph after John Stewart Krimmel, c. 1835-36 Winterthur Museum, Route 52, Winterthur, DE 19735. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Children in an Interior," parlor with a dome over artificial flowers, c. 1840 Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Kathryn and Robert Steinberg. |
 | Thomas Sully, "Lady with a Harp: Eliza Ridgely," 1818, oil on canvas, 214.5 x 142.5 cm (84 7/16 x 56 1/8 in.)
Copyright National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr, Landover, MD 20785. Gift of Maude Monell Vetlesen. 1945.9.1. All rights reserved. www.nga.gov |
 | Unidentified child, 1843-62, daguerreotype, Albert Sands Southworth and Josiah Johnson Hawes, Boston, MA Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | Family group with six children, 1843-62, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Albert Sands Southworth and Josiah Johnson Hawes, Boston, MA. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | John Bradley, "Boy with Sinumbra Lamp" (a shadowless lamp), 1837-43 Copyright holder unknown. Private collection. |
 | Alice Mary Hawes (1850-1938), 1843-62, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Josiah Johnson Hawes, Boston, MA. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Girl in Garden," c. 1840, oil on canvas, unframed: 39 7/8 x 27 1/4 in. (101.3 x 69.2 cm) Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1939.100.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Baby in Red Chair," possibly Pennsylvania, c. 1810-30, oil on canvas; unframed: 22" x 15"; framed: 24 1/4" x 17 1/2" Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of David Rockefeller. 1931.100.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Deborah Goldsmith, "The Talcott Family," New York, 1832, watercolor, pencil and gold paint on wove paper; primary support: 14 1/4" x 17 3/4" Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1957.300.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Ad, Excelsior Lawn Mower, after 1870 The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, National Museum of American History, 14th Street and Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC (P.O. Box 37012, MRC 603, Washington, DC 20013-7012.) www.si.edu |
 | Conventional couple pose: powerful male sits, female submissively stands; Winona, MN, 1884 Copyright holder unknown. Charles A. Tenney photo. In Kenneth Ames, "Death in the Dining Room" (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992), p. 188 |
 | Middle-class house with floorplan showing parlor and drawing room, c. 1850 Andrew J. Downing, "The Architecture of Country Houses," 1850, republished 1969, fig. 131 |
 | Log-house "beautified" with porch and shrubbery, 1864 Calvert Vaux, "Villas and Cottages," 1864, p. 128 |
 | "Pennsylvania Country Life," the spare interior of a farmhouse, 1840, drawing Chicago Historical Society, Clark St at North Ave, Chicago, IL 60614-6071 |
 | Rachel Breck Hooker, "Mother and Children" in silk embroidery, 1800-10 Copyright National Museum of American History, PO Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution Bldg, Rm 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. All rights reserved. |
 | A suburban home north of Chicago, 1870s(?), woodcut Everett Chamberlin, "Chicago and Its Suburbs," 1874. In John R. Stilgoe, "Borderland: Origins of The American Suburb, 1820-1939," 1988, p. 141 |
 | Family photo with portrait of patriarch, Boston, MA, 1895 Charles Currier photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | Christian Mayr, "Curiosity," 1833 Copyright holder and location unknown |
 | Henry Walton (1804-1865), "Three Children in a Landscape," Finger Lakes Region, New York, c. 1838, oil on canvas, 19-1/4 x 15" Collection of The American Folk Art Museum, 45 W 53rd St, New York, NY 10019. All rights reserved. Promised gift of Ralph Esmerian. P.1.2001.49. Photo unidentified. In Jean Lipman, et al., "Young America: A Folk-Art History," American Folk Art Museum, 1986, p. 20. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Deborah Goldsmith, "The Talcott Family," New York, 1832, watercolor, pencil and gold paint on wove paper; primary support: 14 1/4" x 17 3/4" Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1957.300.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | "Mrs. Josiah Hawes holding Alice Mary Hawes," c. 1851, daguerreotype, Josiah Johnson Hawes, Boston, MA Copyright holder unknown. (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, MA?) |
 | Parlor lectern (r), cross and Gothic window bracket (l), 1875 H.T. Williams and C.S. Jones, "Household Elegancies," 1875, pp. 126, 97. The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, 219 S 6th St, Philadelphia, PA 19106 |
 | Family portrait, outdoors, Cummington, MA, c. 1900 Collection of Mrs. Edith LaFrancis. Our thanks to the family of Mrs. LaFrancis. |
 | Boy's first pair of trousers Peterson's Magazine, 1860 |
 | Baldwin, "Tumbledown Mansion - The House of Farmer Slack," 1852 The Plow, April, 1852. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | Unidentified married couple, Boston, MA, 1843-62, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Albert Sands Southworth and Josiah Johnson Hawes. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | Samuel F.B. Morse, "Lucretia Morse and Her Children," with bubbles, c. 1824 Copyright holder unknown. Private collection. (The High Museum of Art, Atlanta?) |
 | Unidentified family group, Boston, MA, 1852, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Albert Sands Southworth and Josiah Johnson Hawes. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | "A Happy Family," 1871 P. H. Chavasse, "Woman as a Wife and Mother," Philadelphia, PA, 1871, title page |
 | Unidentified bride, Boston, MA, 1843-62, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Albert Sands Southworth and Josiah Johnson Hawes. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | Gothic furniture, 1850 A.J. Downing, "The Architecture of Country Houses," 1850 |
 | Unidentified artist, "Memorial for Polly Botsford and Her Children," possibly Newtown, CT, c. 1815, watercolor and ink on wove paper; primary support: 18 x 23 1/2 in. (45.7 x 59.7 cm) Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of the Museum of Modern Art. 1933.304.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | J. Bradley, "Girl With Doll," probably New York City or NYC area, 1836, oil on canvas; unframed: 34 1/4 x 28 1/4 in. (87 x 71.8 cm) Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1957.100.4. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Erastus Salisbury Field, "Girl Holding Rattle," probably Lee, MA, c. 1838, oil on canvas, 34 3/4 x 25 1/2 " (88.2 cm x 64.8 cm) Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1931.100.4. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Mother and Son at Home," c. 1830, with curtains, carpets, teacups, and mahogany Location unknown. In Elisabeth Donaghy Garrett, "At Home: The American Family, 1750-1870," 1990. Illustrations copyright 1990 Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 100 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10011. All rights reserved. |
 | Joseph H. Davis, "The [Thomas and Hariet] York Family at Home," probably Lee, NH, 1837, watercolor, pencil and ink on wove paper; a couple at table with symbols of conventional gender relations, 1856; primary support: 11 1/16 x 14 7/8 in. (cm. 28.1 x 37.8)
Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. Gift of the Museum of Modern Art. 1931.300.13. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Unidentified mother and child, 1843-62, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Southworth and Hawes. Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. http://metmus.org. All rights reserved. |
 | Woman's sphere, 1844, drawing Caroline Gilman, "The Housekeeper's Annual and Lady's Register," 1844, frontispiece. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-87582 |
 | William Chandler, "Walter Chandler, Aged 21 Months," NJ, 1850 Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Olenka and Charles Santore. |
 | "Drinking Cider," 19th century Location unknown. In W.J. Rorabaugh, "The Alcoholic Republic," 1979, p. 112 |
 | Lilly Martin Spencer, "Kiss Me and You'll Kiss the 'Lasses," 1856, oil on canvas, 29 15/16 x 24 15/16 in. (76 x 63.3 cm) Courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Pkwy, Brooklyn, NY 11238. 70.26. A. Augustus Healy Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Brooklyn Museum. |
 | William Tyler Ranney, "Duck Shooters;" former title "Duck Hunters on The Hoboken Marshes," 1849, oil on canvas, 66.04 x 101.92 cm (26 x 40 1/8 in.) American Art Union. Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of Maxim Karolik for the M. and M. Karolik Collection of American Paintings, 1815–1865, 1948. Accession number: 48.470. |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "Fur Traders Descending the Missouri," 1845, oil on canvas; 29 x 36 1/2 in. (73.7 x 92.7 cm)
American Art Union. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Morris K. Jesup Fund, 1933 (33.61). http://metmus.org. |
 | Thomas Sully, "The Torn Hat," 1820, oil on panel, 48.58 x 37.15 cm (19 1/8 x 14 5/8 in.) Copyright Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of Miss Belle Greene and Henry Copley Greene in memory of their mother, Mary Abby Greene (Mrs. J. S. Copley Greene), 1916. Accession number: 16.104. All rights reserved. |
 | Frank Blackwell Mayer, "Leisure and Labor," 1858, oil on canvas, 15-5/8 x 23 in. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 69.65. Gift of William Wilson Corcoran. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "Raftsmen Playing Cards," 1847, oil on canvas 28 1/16 x 38 1/16 in. (71.3 x 96.7 cm) Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, 1 Fine Arts Dr, St. Louis, MO 63110. Bequest of Ezra N. Linley, by exchange, 50:1934. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "The County Election," 1852, detail, oil on canvas, 38 x 52 in. Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, 1 Fine Arts Dr, Forest Park, St. Louis, MO 63110. Gift of The Bank of America. 44: 2001. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "County Election" (2), 1852, oil on canvas, 38 x 52 in. Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, 1 Fine Arts Dr, Forest Park, St. Louis, MO 63110. Gift of The Bank of America. 44: 2001. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Jerome Thompson, "Apple Gathering," 1856, oil on canvas, 39 3/4 x 49 1/2 in. (100.9 x 125.8 cm) Courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Pkwy, Brooklyn, NY 11238. 67.61. Dick S. Ramsay Fund and funds bequeathed by Laura L. Barnes. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | "The Academy of Music (upper) and the Old Bowery Theater," NY, 1860s Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. |
 | "Mose the Bowery B'hoy and Lize the Bowery Gal," actors, c. 1848, print. Title: "Miss Mary Taylor & Mr. F.S. Chanfrau - in the new piece called 'A Glance at New York.'" Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-15685 |
 | "Bad Manners at the Theatre," 1832; a "democratic" theater patron sits on a railing Frances Trollope, "Domestic Manners of the Americans," 1832, opp. p. 116. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 |
 | "Interior View of the Bowery Theater," a working-class theater, New York City, c. 1856 Harvard Theatre Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. |
 | Broadside ad for "Utilitarian," a stud racer, pacer and trotter, 1850 The University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113 |
 | "No. 1 Hook and Ladder Quick Step," sheet music composed for inauguration of Pioneer Hook and Ladder Co., Baltimore, MD, 1852 Maryland Historical Society, 201 W Monument St, Baltimore, MD 21201 |
 | "Heller's World of Wonders!," broadside for magic show, Baltimore, MD, 1854 Maryland Historical Society, 201 W Monument St, Baltimore, MD 21201 |
 | "Ungraceful Positions," 1885 Thomas E. Hill, "Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms," 1885. Collection of Katherine C. Grier. In Katherine C. Grier, "Culture and Comfort: Parlor-Making and Middle-Class Identity, 1850-1930," 1988, p. 125. The Strong National Museum of Play®, One Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607 |
 | English drawing of American "manners" at dinner table, early 19th century Yale University Library, 130 Wall St., PO Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520-8240 |
 | "Bad Manners at the Table," 1885: 1-Tips back his chair; 2-Eats with his mouth too full; 3-Feeds a dog at the table; 4- Holds his knife improperly; 5-Engages in a violent argument at the meal-time; 6-Lounges upon the table; 7-Brings a cross child to the table; 8-Drinks from the saucer and laps to the last drop from the plate; 9-Comes to the table with his shirt-sleeves and puts his feet beside his chair; 10-Picks his teeth with his fingers; 11-Scratches her head and is frequently unnecessarily getting up from the table.
Thomas E. Hill, "Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms," 1885. The Strong National Museum of Play®, One Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607 |
 | "Gentility in the Dining Room," 1885 Thomas E. Hill, "Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms," 1885. The Strong National Museum of Play®, One Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607 |
 | "The art of hat-tipping," 1886 Rose E. Cleveland, "The Social Mirror," 1886, p. 71. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 |
 | Calvert Vaux, Log-house "beautified" with porch and shrubbery, 1864 Calvert Vaux, "Villas and Cottages," 1864, p. 128 |
 | Unidentified woman showing genteel self-restraint, Boston, MA, 1843-62, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Southworth and Hawes. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | Unidentified woman showing genteel propriety, Boston, MA, 1843-62, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Southworth and Hawes. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | "Gentility in the Parlor," 1885 Thomas E. Hill, "Hill's Manual of Social and Business Forms," 1885. The Strong National Museum of Play®, One Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607 |
 | "Unidentified child, deceased," daguerreotype, Boston, MA, 1843-62 Daguerreotype, Southworth and Hawes. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The George Eastman House. |
 | I. Rogers, "Entrance to the Old Granary Burying Ground," Boston, MA, 1840 Copyright holder unknown. In Richard G. Carrott, "The Egyptian Revival, 1808-1858," 1978, Plate 61, University of California Press, 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704-1012. |
 | Jacob Bigelow, "Entrance to Mount Auburn Cemetery," Cambridge, MA, originally in wood, 1832, then in stone ten years later Copyright University of Wisconsin Press, 1930 Monroe St, 3rd Fl, Madison, WI 53711-2059. All rights reserved. In Peggy McDowell and Richard E. Meyer, "The Revival Styles in American Memorial Art," 1994, p. 163 |
 | Cenotaph of George Whitefield, Classical Revival, First Presbyterian Church, Newburyport, MA, 1875 Peggy McDowell and Richard E. Meyer, "The Revival Styles in American Memorial Art," 1994, p. 64 |
 | Greenwood or Mt. Auburn Cemetery, 1847 N. Cleaveland and Cornelia Walter, "Greenwood and Mount Auburn," New York, 1847. In Edmund V. Gillon, Jr., "Victorian Cemetery Art," 1972, p. ix |
 | Rural cemetery, Greenwood (Brooklyn, NY) or Mt. Auburn (Cambridge, MA) N. Cleaveland and Cornelia Walter, "Greenwood and Mount Auburn," New York, 1847. In Edmund V. Gillon, Jr., "Victorian Cemetery Art," 1972, p. vii |
 | Gateway to Mt. Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, MA, erected early 1830s
N. Cleaveland and Cornelia Walter, "Greenwood and Mount Auburn," New York, 1847. In Edmund V. Gillon, Jr., "Victorian Cemetery Art," 1972, frontispiece |
 | Jacob Bigelow, Entrance, Egyptian Revival with obelisks, Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, MA, 1831, drawing Copyright holder unknown. In Richard G. Carrott, "The Egyptian Revival, 1808-1858," 1978, Plate 57, University of California Press, 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704-1012. |
 | Winchester Family Tomb, Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, MA, 1843-62 Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the George Eastman House. |
 | Unidentified woman, Boston, MA, mid-19th century, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Southworth and Hawes. Courtesy of The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the George Eastman House. |
 | H.A.S. Dearborn, Entrance, Egyptian Revival, Forest Hills Cemetery, Roxbury, MA, 1848 Copyright holder unknown. In Richard G. Carrott, "The Egyptian Revival, 1808-1858," 1978, Plate 72, University of California Press, 2120 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704-1012. |
 | Mourning quilt, 1842 Copyright National Museum of American History, PO Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution Bldg, Rm 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. All rights reserved. |
 | "The Boston Tragedy," the murder of Maria Bickford, 1846; Tirrell was acquitted because of "sleepwalking." National Police Gazette, 1846 |
 | Mourning Piece for Mrs. Ebenezer Collins, probably Lovice Collins (c.1793-1847), South Hadley, Hampshire County, MA, 1807; watercolor, pencil, ink, silk thread, metallic thread and chenille thread on silk and velvet with printed paper label, 17" diam. (sight) Collection of The American Folk Art Museum, 45 W 53rd St, New York, NY 10019. All rights reserved. The Eva and Morris Feld Folk Art Acquisition Fund. 1981.12.8. Photo by John Parnell, New York. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Cartoon, Jenny Lind's admirers, satire, 1850 Punch, Oct. 5, 1850. |
 | Unidentified artist, "The Quilting Party," America, probably 1854-75, detail, oil and pencil on paper adhered to plywood, unframed: 19 1/4 x 26 1/8 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Accession #1937.101.1. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of David Rockefeller. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | "Wethersfield Girls Weeding Onions," Wethersfield, CT, 1780 Courtesy of The Wethersfield Historical Society, Town Hall, 505 Silas Deane Hwy, Wethersfield, CT 06109. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Society. |
 | Woman making bread Copyright holder unknown. The Panavue Color Slide Co. |
 | Pre-industrial living room Copyright holder unknown. The Panavue Color Slide Co. |
 | Pre-industrial bedroom Copyright holder unknown. The Panavue Color Slide Co. |
 | Woman cooking on a wood stove Copyright holder unknown. The Panavue Color Slide Co. |
 | Hand loom National Museum of American History, PO Box 37012, Smithsonian Institution Bldg, Rm 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. |
 | Pre-industrial weaving room. Courtesy of Audubon State Historic Site, Louisiana Office of State Parks, PO Box 546, St. Francisville, LA 70775. Our thanks to the Audubon State Historic Site for its generosity. |
 | Woman spinning, 1807 "The Book of Trades," an 18th c. survey of colonial crafts, 1807, Jacob Johnson publisher, Philadelphia, PA. The American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634 |
 | Eureka Health Corset, c. 1880, trade card The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave., between 12th and 14th Sts., NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | "Duke Cigarettes are the best," c. 1888, ad card, Duke Tobacco Co.; sexy young woman Location unknown. In Bryan Holme, "Advertising: Reflections of a Century,' 1982, p. 18 |
 | Piano-forte, late empire style, New York, c. 1842, ad; Firth, Hall & Pond Location unknown |
 | Columbia Bicycle Co., Hi-Wheeler, 1886, ad poster; records seven bicycling feats The New-York Historical Society,170 Central Park W, New York, NY 10024 |
 | Red Stockings baseball team, Cincinnati, OH, 1870 Harper's Weekly, July 3, 1870, p. 425 |
 | Edmund Charles Tarbell, "Josephine and Mercie," 1908, oil on canvas, 28-1/4 x 32-1/4 in. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 09.2. Museum Purchase, Gallery Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | Eastman Johnson, "The Toilet," 1873, oil on academy board, 26 x 22 in.
In the Collection of The Corcoran Museum of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Gift of Captain A.S. Hickey, USN (Ret.), in Memory of his wife, Caryl Crawford Hickey. 57.21. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Corcoran. |
 | Midwife aiding delivery, from a text for eclectic (alternative) physicians, NY, 1847 Source unknown. In Richard W. Wertz and Dorothy C. Wertz, "Lying-In: A History of Childbirth in America," 1977, p. 45 |
 | Frances Benjamin Johnston with three others in automobile (1904?) Frances Benjamin Johnston photo. Frances Benjamin Johnston Collection. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-120464 |
 | Sideboard, Railroad Museum, Sacramento, CA California State Railroad Museum, 111 "I" St, Sacramento, CA 95814. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sideboard, Railroad Museum, Sacramento, CA, detail California State Railroad Museum, 111 "I" St, Sacramento, CA 95814. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sideboard, Railroad Museum, Sacramento, CA, detail California State Railroad Museum, 111 "I" St, Sacramento, CA 95814. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Sideboard, Railroad Museum, Sacramento, CA, detail California State Railroad Museum, 111 "I" St, Sacramento, CA 95814. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Armchair, oak, New York City, 1841-50 Location unknown. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Alexander Boudrou, "A. Dickson Entering Bristol in 1819," Philadelphia Co., PA, 1851, oil on canvas; 21 1/8 x 26 3/16 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1939.101.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Bountiful Board," 1830-60, oil on bed ticking; 21 1/4 x 35 1/4 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1936.103.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Leaping Deer," America, c. 1860, ink calligraphy on wove paper; 21 7/8 x 29 1/8 in. primary support. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of David Rockefeller. 1931.312.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Weathervane: Rooster," probably Amesbury, MA, possibly after 1801, copper, lead, iron, paint, and gilt; 29 1/4 x 30 1/2 x 3 3/4 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1958.800.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Blue Compote," America, ca. 1840, watercolor and some pencil on wove paper; 13 7/16 x 15 1/4 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of the Museum of Modern Art. 1933.303.4. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Mary Bradley, "Basket of Fruit," Lee, MA, ca. 1825, paint on velvet, 13 1/2 x 16 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1958.403.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Edgar Alexander McKillop, "The Fiddler," Balfour, NC, 1926-37, walnut, glass, and brass wire, 25 x 13 3/4 x 11 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1961.701.14. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | John James Trumbull Arnold, "Self-Portrait," probably PA, MD, or VA, 1841, watercolor, pencil and ink on wove paper, 9 7/8 x 7 7/8 in. primary support Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Acquisition funded by The Antique Collectors' Guild. 1977.300.4. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Ladies' "mountain suit," 1883, and traveling dress, 1892 Godey's Ladies' Book, July 1883, and Peterson's Magazine, May 1892 |
 | Erastus Salisbury Field,"Portrait of a Man," possibly Mr. Pearce, possibly Hadley, MA, c. 1835, oil on canvas, unframed: 30 x 26 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1939.100.7. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Jacob Maentel, "Portrait of Jonathan Jaquess, Jr.," Posey County, IN, 1841, watercolor and ink on wove paper; primary support: 17 5/8 x 11 1/4 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1959.300.6. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Rembrandt Peale, "Rubens Peale with a Geranium," 1801, oil on canvas, 28 1/4 x 24" (71.7 x 61 cm) National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr, Landover, MD 20785. Patrons' Permanent Fund. 1985.59.1. www.nga.gov |
 | Thomas Eakins, "Starting Out After Rail," 1874, oil on canvas mounted on Masonite, 24 1/4 x 19 7/8 inches
Copyright Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. 35.1953. All rights reserved. |
 | Thomas Eakins, "Singing a Pathetic Song," 1881, oil on canvas, 45 x 32-1/2". In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 19.26. Museum Purchase, Gallery Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | Asher B. Durand, "The Pedlar (The Pedlar Displaying his Wares)," 1836, oil on canvas, 24 x 34 1/2 in. (61 x 87.6 cm) Copyright The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. Gift of The New-York Gallery of Fine Arts. All rights reserved. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | Asher Durand, "Study for the Pedlar," 1835 Location unknown. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Nancy Ward Butler, Mourning quilt, Jamestown, NY, 1842 National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Smithsonian Institution, 14th St and Constitution Ave, NW, Washington, DC 20560 |
 | Mary Cassatt, "Little Girl in a Blue Armchair," 1878, oil on canvas, 89.5 x 129.8 cm (35 1/2 x 51 1/8 in.)
Copyright National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr, Landover, MD 20785. Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon. 1983.1.18. All rights reserved. www.nga.gov |
 | Cephas Thompson, "Girl with Dove," probably RI, ca. 1805, oil on wood panel, 31 5/8 x 26 11/16 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1933.100.3. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Erastus Salisbury Field (attributed), "Girl Holding Rattle," probably Lee, MA, c. 1838, oil on canvas, 34 3/4 x 25 1/2 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1931.100.4. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Milton William Hopkins, "Boy Holding Dog," probably New York state, c. 1835, oil on yellow poplar panel, unframed: 20 3/4 x 17 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1941.100.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Lydia and Tabitha," c. 1835, oil on canvas, 28 1/2 x 24 in. (cm. 71.8 x 60.3) Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1936.100.12. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Daughter of Josiah J. Hawes, Boston, MA, c. 1850s, daguerreotype Daguerreotype, Josiah J. Hawes. Copyright The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Rocking horse, 19th century Location unknown. Commercial. All rights reserved. |
 | Unidentified artist, "Two Children," c. 1810, oil on pine panel, 18 5/8 x 22 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. From the collection of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller; gift of the Museum of Modern Art. 1954.100.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Louis Lang, "Girl Watching Pigeons from a Window in the Dining Room of the Late Abraham M. Cozzens," 1864 Copyright Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, 600 Main St, Hartford, CT 06103. All rights reserved. |
 | Mother with two daughters, mid-19th century, daguerreotype The George Eastman House International Museum of Photography and Film, 900 East Ave, Rochester, NY 14607. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Fashion doll in mourning attire, late 19th century Copyright The Strong Museum, One Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607-3941. All rights reserved. |
 | Henry Walton, "Sarah Louise Spencer," possibly New York State, with a doll resembling a fashionable lady, 1842, oil on canvas, 33 1/2 x 27 in. (cm. 85.1 x 68.6)
Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1936.100.8. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Julia Beecher created soft, durable childlike dolls, late 19th century. Courtesy of Yale University Press, PO Box 209040, New Haven, CT 06520-9040. All rights reserved. In Miriam Formanek-Brunell, "Made to Play House: Dolls and the Commercialization of American Girlhood, 1830-1930," 1993, p. 69. Margaret Whitton photo. Our thanks to Margaret Whitton and Yale Press. |
 | Middle-class girls with Campbell Kid doll, 1912, New York, NY Lewis Hine photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-nclc-04210 |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "Wood Boatmen on a River," 1854 Copyright holder unknown. |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "Wood Boatmen on a River," 1854, detail Copyright holder unknown. |
 | Tompkins Matteson, "Sugaring Off," 1846; color version of Slide 3745, oil on canvas, 31 x 42 in. (78.7 x 106.7 cm) American Art Union. Carnegie Institute, Museum of Art, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213. Bequest of Rosalie Spang, 1932. Accession Number: 32.2.1. |
 | James Abbott McNeill Whistler, "Red and Black," 1883-4, watercolor Copyright Fogg Art Museum, 32 Quincy St, Cambridge, MA 02138. All rights reserved. |
 | William Merritt Chase, "Park Bench," 1890 Copyright Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. All rights reserved. |
 | William Tylee Ranney, "The Retrieve," 1850, oil on canvas, 30-1/4 x 40-3/8". In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 69.62. Gift of William Wilson Corcoran. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | "Entrance to the Old Burial Hill, Plymouth, Mass.," with two boys in short pants, postcard Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Prof. Karen Halttunen |
 | "The Burial Hill, Plymouth," MA, 1853, drawing W.H. Bartlett, "The Pilgrim Fathers" (London: Arthur Hall, Virtue & Co., 1853) |
 | "The Town Brook," 1853, drawing W.H. Bartlett, "The Pilgrim Fathers" (London: Arthur Hall, Virtue & Co., 1853) |
 | Old man at stone wall, New England, 1883, sketch Ellen H. Rollins Arr, "New England Bygones," Philadelphia, PA, 1883 |
 | "Graves on the Bluff, Fort Road," Newport, Rhode Island, 1875 Samuel A. Drake, "Nooks and Corners of the New England Coast," 1875 |
 | Thomas Cole, "Home in the Woods," 1847; echoes, with less force, "The Hunter's Return"; oil on canvas, 44 3/8 x 66 1/2"
Copyright Reynolda House Museum of American Art, PO Box 11765, Winston-Salem, NC 27116. Gift of Barbara Millhouse, 1978.2.2. All rights reserved. |
 | Eastman Johnson, "The Truants," 1870, oil on academy board, 23-3/8 x 27 in. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 63.11. Museum Purchase, William A. Clark Fund, Gallery Fund and through the gift of Louise S. Thompson. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | Winslow Homer, "Snap the Whip," 1872, oil on canvas, 12 x 20 in. (30.5 x 50.8 cm)
Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Gift of Christian A. Zabriskie, 1950 (50.41). All rights reserved. http://metmus.org |
 | Winslow Homer, "Herring Net," 1885, oil on canvas, 76.5 x 122.9 cm
Copyright Art Institute of Chicago, 111 So. Michigan Ave, Chicago, IL 60603-6110. Mr. and Mrs. Martin A. Ryerson Collection, 1937.1039. All rights reserved. |
 | Winslow Homer, "Dad's Coming!," 1873 Harper's Weekly, Nov. 1, 1873. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, Golden Gate Park, 50 Hagiwara Tea Garden Dr, San Francisco, CA 94118. |
 | Winslow Homer, "Sea-Side Sketches: A Clam-Bake," 1873, wood engraving, 23.5 x 35.8 cm (image); 27.8 x 39.7 cm (sheet)
Harper's, Aug. 23, 1873. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, de Young Museum, Golden Gate Park, 50 Hagiwara Tea Garden Dr, San Francisco, CA 94118. Achenbach Foundation for Graphic Arts. 1963.30.955 |
 | Cabin/small home, 19th century Location unknown |
 | Folk craft including Anasazi basket, Hudson Valley cat painting, Kentucky bench with kilim pad, African dolls, and Tennessee mirror, 1992. Courtesy of Hammacher Schlemmer, 147 E 57th St, New York, NY 10022. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Hammacher Schlemmer. Plummer-McCutcheon Catalogue, 1992. |
 | Philadelphia loungers near butcher shop watch passersby. "An orderly pattern of busy streets and elegant buildings." Copyright holder unknown. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, Life History of the United States, Vol. 3, "The Growing Years," 1974, p. 28. 8.4.4 |
 | Winslow Homer, Fall Games: The Apple Bee, 1859. In rural America many social activities were centered around work. The influence of the Puritan work ethic is apparent. Harvest festivals were among the social pleasures adopted by the early Americans; the apple and husking bees were good examples. Sterling and Francine Clark Institute, 225 South St., Williamstown, MA 01267. 1955.4418 print. In Harper's Weekly, Nov. 26, 1859. In Carl Bode, Midcentury America, 1972, p. 196. Our thanks to The Clark Institute. 8.4.4 |
 | Husking. A group of farmers gather in one barn for husking. It was a social event but immersed in hard work. Farmers were often too busy or too tired to socialize, so they needed to combine social activity and work together. Location unknown. In Roy King and Burke Davis, The World of Currier and Ives, 1968. 8.4.4 |
 | Winslow Homer, "The Dance After the Husking," drawing, 1858. Harper's Weekly, Nov. 13, 1858. In F.R. Dulles, America Learns to Play, D. Appleton Century Co., 1940. 8.4.4 |
 | William Sidney Mount, "Dancing on the Barn Floor," 1831. Copyright holder unknown. Possibly The Long Island Museum of American Art, History & Carriages, 1200 Route 25A, Stony Brook, NY 11790-1992. All rights reserved. In Alfred Frankenstein, Painter of Rural America: William Sidney Mount, H.K. Press, Washington, 1968. 8.4.4 |
 | William Sidney Mount, "Dance of the Haymakers," 1845. Copyright holder unknown. Possibly The Long Island Museum of American Art, History & Carriages, 1200 Route 25A, Stony Brook, NY 11790-1992. All rights reserved. In Alfred Frankenstein, Painter of Rural America: William Sidney Mount, H.K. Press, Washington, 1968. 8.4.4 |
 | George C. Bingham, "Shooting for the Beef," 1850. This painting shows a typical marksmanship contest of early America. Recreation reflected the environment; people used the resources and skills available. Courtesy of the Collection of The Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, NY 11238-6052. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. In John F. McDermott, George Caleb Bingham, River Portraitist, Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1959. 8.4.4 |
 | Arthur Burdett Frost, "Game Between the Squire & Postmaster," old men playing checkers, a rural scene. 1904. Collier's Magazine, 1904. In Walt Reed, The Illustrator in America, Reinhold Pub. Co., 1966. 8.4.4 |
 | Bear baiting. This drawing includes a group of men who are watching a "bear baiting." The bear is chained to a wall. The Sporting Magazine, London, England, 1795. In F.R. Dulles, America Learns to Play, D. Appleton Century Co., 1940. 8.4.4 |
 | A circus. By the 1850s almost every city had a "museum," a collection of curiosities, which later evolved into the circus. See also SP-A-24. Location unknown. In F.R. Dulles, America Learns to Play, D. Appleton Century Co., 1940. 8.4.4 |
 | The great fight for the championship. 1860. Boxers are not wearing gloves at this point in history. The spectators are all men, dressed in suits and top hats. Currier and Ives lithograph. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In F.R. Dulles, America Learns to Play, D. Appleton Century Co., 1940. Our thanks to the NYPL. 8.4.4 |
 | A great foot race at Hoboken, N.J., 1845. The Illustrated London News, 1845. In F.R. Dulles, America Learns to Play, D. Appleton Century Co., 1940. 8.4.4 |
 | "Peytona and Fashion: In Their Great Match, 1845. Won by Peytona." A classic horse racing scene shows spectators lining the inside and outside of the track. Charles Severin painting. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-14099. In Roy King and Burke Davis, The World of Currier and Ives, Random House, N.Y., 1968. 8.4.4 |
 | "The Card Players," from Joseph C. Neal's "Pennings and Pencillings About Town." Note the connection between drink and familiar urban types. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. The United States Magazine and Democratic Review, July & Nov. 1843. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 179. 8.4.4 |
 | The annual fair of the American Institute, to promote advancements in agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and the arts; it maintained a library and repository open to the public. This watercolor drawing of about 1845 by B.J. Harrison shows the interior of Niblo's Garden, which for many years was one of the most popular amusement centers in New York City, with a theater as well as gardens and a refreshment pavilion. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 198. 8.4.4 |
 | Entertainment. "The baiting of a bull and a bear at New Orleans." The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Harnett T. Kane, Gone Are the Days, 1960, p. 233. Author's collection. 8.4.4 |
 | The interior of C.A. Marsh's drugstore on the corner of Third Ave. and 125th St. in Harlem, New York City. This stereoscopic view was made in 1865 and shows a form of relaxation in the city. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 307. 8.4.4 |
 | Ad, "Dr. Rich's Institution for Physical Education," about 1850. One of many gymnasiums established during the 1830s and '40s to counteract the tendency of city life to produce flabby muscles and short wind. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 227. 8.4.4 |
 | "The New York Crystal Palace," 1853. This iron and glass exhibition building was erected in 1852 for America's first World's Fair. The first large iron and glass structure in the U.S., it was inspired by London's Crystal Palace of 1851. The tall tower at left is the Latting Observatory, a tower of timber braced with iron. A steam elevator carried paying customers to the first and second landings, where there were telescopes for viewing the panorama of the city and surrounding country. The Crystal Palace burned and collapsed in 1858. Nathaniel Currier lithograph. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 243. 8.4.4 |
 | M. Franconi's Hippodrome on Madison Square, Broadway and 23rd St., a short-lived (1853-56) attempt to introduce spectacular pageants, gladiatorial contests and chariot races to New York audiences. Built in 1863, of brick walls, a wood and canvas roof and no pillars, it seated 10,000. Sheet music cover. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 201. 8.4.4 |
 | "The Excursion of the New York Turners (Gymnastic Society)," 1854. Such societies were usually German organizations. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 227. 8.4.4 |
 | Advertising his American Museum, P.T. Barnum trumpeted such attractions as "Shaking Quakers," "Siamese Twins," and a "Circassian Family Groupe." He bragged that, even at two bits a head, he consistently outdrew the free-of-charge British Museum. See also SP-A-11. Location unknown. In Richard M. Ketchum, ed., The Pioneer Spirit, American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y., 1959, pp. 238-9. 8.4.4 |
 | The American Museum in its glory, 1851-52. Signs read: Jenny Lind Riding Hats, Barnum's American Museum. Note the flags and pictures of animals. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 45. 8.4.4, 8.12.9 |
 | Two P.T. Barnum broadsides. The first: "P.T. Barnum's The World in Contribution...curiosities arriving [from all over the world]. $1,500,000 in challenges...P.T. Barnum to the Public." The second: "Barnum's Living Wonders. Wonderful Human Curiosities...Albino Family...Aztec Children...African Earth Woman...Lightning Calculator." The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 177. 8.4.4 |
 | P.T. Barnum's American Museum as seen by a critic, 1851. Signs read: "Curiosities and Oddities of Gotham & Country Life. Politics..Fashions..Gossips..Admittance ONE shilling." Heading: "Humbug's American Museum." Note the stereotyped blacks in the band. Eno Collection. Courtesy of The New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. Our thanks to the Library. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 46. 8.4.4 |
 | Skaters in Central Park, winter of 1859-60. The camera could catch people in motion even then, given enough bright light. Photo. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 258. 8.4.4 |
 | Jenny Lind's arrival, 1850. The first of two views: This is the positive view; men wear top hats and women long dresses. A great event, but sedate. See also SP-A-29. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 126. 8.4.4, 8.6.6 |
 | Jenny Lind's arrival, 1850. The second of two views: This one is negative, entitled "The Second Deluge." The theater, possibly Castle Garden, is labelled "Modern Ark of Noah." Most of the crowd have animal faces, of turkeys, donkeys and sheep. See also SP-A-28. Arnold Collection. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 126. 8.4.4 |
 | The romantic Jenny Lind. Compare with SP-A-31. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 128. 8.4.4 |
 | The camera's Jenny Lind. Compare with SP-A-30. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 128. 8.4.4 |
 | Young P.T. Barnum, starting out at age 34, 1844. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 44. 8.4.4, 8.12.9 |
 | Tom Thumb in action. Stereograph. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 48. 8.4.4 |
 | Ad, "Jumbo Must Go. Because drawn by Willimantic Thread." The sign above reads: "America Ahead," referring to protests against Jumbo's leaving England. The Landauer Collection, New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Neil Harris, Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum, 1973, p. 261. 8.4.4 |
 | Playbill, "Wood's Theatre...Regularly Established as a Temple of Minstrelsy, Tuesday Evening, Oct. 29, 1867...Newcomb's…second appearance of Dick Parker! The Celebrated Ethiopian Comedian...in his Wonderful Eccentricities! Success Unabated…" This playbill is typical of the caricatures of Negroes that minstrels plastered all over the nation. Note the contrast between the attractive "yaller gals" in the bottom row and the grotesque caricature of the black woman in the second row left. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up, 1974, p. 77. 8.4.4, 8.11.3 |
 | "'Songs of the Virginia Serenaders,' contrasting minstrels in blackface and makeup with portraits of them as respectable white men...Boston, 1844...As sung by them with distinguished success in the principal cities of the Union." Sheet music cover. List of songs includes: "Dandy Jim, Dat Nigger is in Lub with Dinah, Old Grey Goose, Charleston Gals, Yaller Gals, Nigger Put Down Dat Jug, Who's Dat Nigger Dare Peepin." Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, Blacking Up, 1974, p. 39. 8.4.4, 8.11.3 |
 | The burning of the Crystal Palace. Copyright holder and location unknown. 8.4.4 |
 | Louis Lang, Portrait of Jenny Lind. c. 1852. The ethereal image of the young singer held by the public. Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Craig S. Miller, Crofton, MD. In American Heritage, Oct. 1977, p. 101. 8.4.4 |
 | Jenny Lind, 1850. Reveals that Lind was made of sturdier stuff than the ethereal depictions suggest. The Tribune: Jenny was "rather more robust in face and person than her portraits would indicate." Daguerreotype. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-6777. In American Heritage, Oct. 1977, p. 101. 8.4.4 |
 | Jenny Lind's tumultuous arrival in New York, Sept. 1, 1850. Brown Brothers, 100 Bortree Road, P.O. Box 50, Sterling, PA, 18463-0050. In American Heritage, Oct. 1977, p. 100. 8.4.4 |
 | A painting of Jenny Lind from the sheet music cover for "The Swedish Nightingale Waltz." Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In American Heritage, Oct. 1977, p. 2. 8.4.4 |
 | A romantic portrait of Jenny Lind, 1850, steel engraving. Brown Brothers, 100 Bortree Road, P.O. Box 50, Sterling, PA, 18463-0050. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-54152. In American Heritage, Oct. 1977, p. 98. 8.4.4 |
 | "The Grand Opening," detail from a Nathaniel Currier lithograph celebrating Jenny Lind's first appearance at Castle Garden, Sept. 11, 1850. The Tribune: Jenny was "rather more robust in face and person than her portraits would indicate." Note: Her farewell concert was held in Castle Garden, May 24, 1852. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Walton Rawls, A Great Book of Currier and Ives' America, 1979, p. 144. 8.4.4, 8.6.6 |
 | Edwin Forrest as Spartacus preparing to lead the Roman slaves in their fight for freedom. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With The Show, 1976, p. 19. 8.4.4 |
 | Charles Macready, the British tragedian. Theatre Collection, New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 20. Our thanks to the NYPL. 8.4.4 |
 | A Jenny Lind cigar box, New York-Tampa Cigar Co. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In American Heritage, Oct. 1977, p. 105. 8.4.4 |
 | Lindomania: a Jenny Lind paper doll set. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In American Heritage, Oct. 1977, p. 105. 8.4.4 |
 | Astor Place Opera House Riot, 1849. Troops open fire on the mob as "high-brow" and "low-brow" fight for the control of drama. Note the poster for a Macready performance in Macbeth. Woodcut.
Illustrated London News, June 2, 1849, p. 369. Library of Congress General Collections, Washington, DC 20540. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 23. 8.4.4 |
 | Audiences left no doubt about their feelings. This picture of the Bowery Theater shows the audience fighting in the pit, shouting, waving fists and throwing things from the balconies. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With The Show, 1976, p. 8. 8.4.4 |
 | The 3,000-seat lecture room at Barnum's Museum. Could patrons really believe that they were not attending the theater? Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With The Show, 1976, p. 30. 8.4.4 |
 | Poster, "The Original General Tom Thumb...The Smallest Man Alive," Currier & Ives, 1860. Barnum's Gallery of Wonders, No. 1. "22 years old, 33 inches high," around the edge are pictures of Tom Thumb in various outfits and situations: "Villikins, Equipage, Court Dress, American Tar, My Mary Ann, Gladiator, Highlander, Napoleon, Samson." Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Walton Rawls, A Great Book of Currier and Ives' America, 1979, p. 113. 8.4.4 |
 | The first appearance of Jenny Lind in America, 1850. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Walton Rawls, A Great Book of Currier and Ives' America, 1979, p. 144. 8.4.4 |
 | "General Tom Thumb and Wife, Comm. Nut and Minnie Warren," Currier & Ives, 1863. "General Tom Thumb's Wedding at Grace Church, N.Y., Feb. 10, 1863." Pictures around the sides show "Mrs. Gen. Tom Thumb and baby." It took two hours for the line of carriages to deposit all of the two thousand invited guests, whom the New York Times described as "the elite, the select few, the very FF's of the City, nay, of the Country. President and Mrs. Lincoln gave Chinese fire screens as their wedding present and invited the tiny couple to call on them at the White House." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC2-2439. In Walton Rawls, A Great Book of Currier and Ives' America, 1979, p. 115. 8.4.4 |
 | Living statuary. Posing as classical statuary provided an early excuse for displaying women's bodies in the theater; this woman posed as Power's The Greek Slave. During the 1847-8 theater season in New York City, women wearing only revealing tights began posing as "living statuary," portraying classical subjects and famous sculptures. This facade of culture was a rationalization for girlie shows. Other living statuary portrayed Psyche Going to the Bath and Venus Rising From the Sea. Huge audiences, especially of common people, and especially men, suddenly discovered the beauties of classical art in these tableaux vivants. Theatre Collection, The New York Public Library,, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Robert C. Toll, On With The Show, 1976, p. 209. Our thanks to the NYPL. 8.4.4, 8.6.6 |
 | P.T. Barnum's American Museum at Broadway and Fulton Sts. in New York. This intersection was the "Times Square" of the 1850s, with great stores, the finest hotels and the whirling activity of traffic. Note the crowded streets and excitement. On the museum are flags and a huge painting. A brass band plays. Harper's Weekly, c. 1858. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Adventures of America, 1938, Plate 5. 8.4.4 |
 | "Camping in the Woods." 1863. Currier & Ives. Courtesy of the Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Roy King and Burke Davis, The World of Currier and Ives, Random House, N.Y., 1968. 8.4.4 |
 | Norman Rockwell, "Rural Hunting." A black and white sketch of a young man and a boy hunting. Copyright The Norman Rockwell Estate Licensing Co., 9210 North Maryland Ave., Niles, IL 60648. All rights reserved. In Thomas Buechner, Norman Rockwell, Artist and Illustrator, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1970. 8.4.4 |
 | Winslow Homer, "Waiting for a Bite," 1864. A rural scene of three boys fishing. Harper's Weekly, Aug. 22, 1864, p. 693. In Albert T.E. Gardner, Winslow Homer, American Artist, Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1961. 8.4.4 |
 | Winslow Homer, "Snap the Whip," 1872. A rural scene of boys playing. Copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. All rights reserved. In Albert T.E. Gardner, Winslow Homer, American Artist, Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1961. 8.4.4 |
 | Urban theater. A theater poster of the 1890s advertising "Uncle Tom's Cabin". This play and other conservative ones helped to bring new converts to the theater. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was a landmark in breaking down religious disapproval of the theater. In American Heritage, VI, Oct. 1955, No. 6. 8.4.4, 8.11.3 |
 | Men boxing, 1895. Two men (George Luks on the left) pretend to box in John Sloan's dimly lit Philadelphia studio; crowded closely around them are a group of artist "spectators," including Sloan and Everett Chinn. Copyright Estate of John Sloan, Courtesy Kraushaar Galleries, 724 Fifth Avenue, Floor 7, New York, NY 10019. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Galleries. In David W. Scott, John Sloan 1871-1951, Boston Book and Art Pub., 1971. 8.4.4 |
 | Baseball. In the 1866 championship match, the Philadelphia Athletics defeat the Brooklyn Atlantics. Wealthy aficionados sit in a shaded grandstand while poorer fans meander or sunbathe in the "bleachers." Groups of businessmen in New York's genteel Murray Hill area adopted rules for hitting a little ball with a big stick in 1845. Nattily dressed Knickerbocker Club members tried to monopolize baseball by keeping "outsiders" away from matches and refusing to play with a Brooklyn team of "greasy mechanics." Note the seating of the women. Copyright The Yale University Art Gallery, P.O. Box 208271, New Haven, CT 06520-8271. All rights reserved. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, American Manners and Morals, 1969, p. 266. 8.4.4 |
 | Winslow Homer, "Croquet Game," 1866. The women in this painting are dressed up to play croquet. The mallets were considerably longer than they are today so that the women did not have to bend over very far. In Albert T.E. Gardner, Winslow Homer, American Artist, Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1961. 8.4.4 |
 | "The American National Game of Baseball." The 1862 World Series. Notice that the pitcher is pitching underhand and the fielders do not have gloves. The umpire is standing way off to the right. Currier & Ives. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC2-3749. In Roy King and Burke Davis, The World of Currier and Ives, Random House, N.Y., 1968. 8.4.4 |
 | Gilbert Stuart, "The Skater (Portrait of William Grant)," 1782. The National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Drive, Landover, MD 20785. 8.4.4 |
 | Francis D'Avignon, "Distribution of the American Art-Union Prizes," 1847, lithograph. The Union, founded in 1840 as the Apollo Association, was an organization dedicated to spreading copies of paintings, chiefly engravings, to a wide public, somewhat as book clubs today distribute color reproductions. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-7753. 8.4.4 |
 | New Harmony, as imagined by Robert Owen and drawn by an English architect. Gabled houses and futuristic buildings would be on a square enclosing botanical gardens. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-1045. In Richard Ketchum, ed., "The American Heritage Book of the Pioneer Spirit," 1959, p. 252. 8.4.4, 11.3.1 |
 | New Harmony. An 1831 sketch by French naturalist Charles LeSueur, who had joined the colony. Compare with Owen's dream of the colony, UT-A-1. La Musée d'Histoire Naturelle, place du Vieux Marché, Le Havre 76600, FRANCE. In Richard Ketchum, ed., "The American Heritage Book of the Pioneer Spirit," 1959, p. 252. 8.4.4, 11.3.1 |
 | Rev-p14-c01
"Girl in Green," c. 1800. A young girl reads a book, indicating improved educational opportunities for women after the Revolution. John Brewster, Jr., oil painting. Copyright © Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Collection, Williamsburg, VA 23185. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Colonial Williamsburg, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776 for its generosity to our Project. |
 | Rev-p15-c03
"The Old '76 Still," with a lot of liquor being made. Lithograph, 1850-1900. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-17649. |
 | Rev-p16-a03
An early frontiersman, a western Virginia homesteader with rifle, hatchet and scalping knife, Thomas Hughes was killed by Indians. "A famous pioneer and Indian fighter of Harrison County..." Joseph H. Diss Debar, sketch from oral description, 1847. West Virginia State Archives, 1900 Kanawha Blvd, E, Charleston, WV 25305-0300. Diss Debar Collection No. 67. |
 | Federalists_and_Unity06
"The Republican Court (in the Time of Washington)," or "Lady Washington's Reception Day." Daniel F. Huntington, oil on canvas, 1861. The Collection of The Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, NY 11238-6052. Gift of the Crescent-Hamilton Athletic Club. 39.536.1. Our thanks to the Brooklyn Museum for its generosity over the years to our Project. |
 | Towards_Revolution34
"The Residence of David Twining, 1787," a farm in Bucks County, PA. Edward Hicks, oil, 1845-48. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Colonial Williamsburg. |
 | Federalists_and_Unity03
"View of the old city hall, Wall St," New York City, 1840 (?). Engraving, Washington Irving. New York Public Library, Humanities and Social Sciences Library Print Collection, Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs. Digital Library Program, 188 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016. Digital Image ID: 420464. |
 | Federalists_and_Unity05
Liberty in the Form of the Goddess of Youth, Giving Support to the Bald Eagle. "American liberty or freedom was often presented as a beautiful young woman. In this popular 1796 allegory by Edward Savage (1761–1817), a maiden in the form of the Goddess of Youth (Hebe) offers food to an eagle, symbol of the United States, while she treads on chains, a scepter, key, and other implements of tyranny. A liberty cap, mounted on the pole of an American flag, floats in the sky behind her, visible through the clouds of war that spew lightning to drive the British fleet from Boston harbor." - LOC. "With her hair flowing behind her, carrying the liberty pole or draped in classical garb, Lady Liberty became the emblem of choice for the U.S. cent and half-cent coins.... A plaster statue of Liberty and the Eagle even stands above and behind the speaker's chair in the House of Representatives." - American Studies Dept, University of Virginia. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. (131.00.00) Digital ID ppmsca-13641. Also, The Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village, 20900 Oakwood Blvd, Dearborn, MI 48124-5029. And Winterthur Museum & Country Estate, Route 52, Winterthur DE 19735. Quotation from American Studies Dept, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CAP/LIBERTY. |
 | Towards_Revolution36
Early 19th c. clothing, U.S. Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10029. www.mcny.org. Our thanks to The Museum of the City of New York. |
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