 | Map of the Creek country, 18th century Reproduced from DEERSKINS AND DUFFELS: CREEK INDIAN TRADE WITH ANGLO-AMERICA, 1685-1815, p. 10, by Kathryn E. Holland Braund, by permission of the University of Nebraska Press, 233 North 8th St, Lincoln NE 68588-0255. Copyright 1993 by the University of Nebraska Press. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the UNP. |
 | Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) women grinding corn or dried berries, with baby in backboard, French engraving, n.d. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | Philip Von Reck, Yuchi (Creek) Indian woman, c. 1730 Copyright holder unknown. The Royal Library of Denmark, Postbox 2149, DK-1016 Copenhagen. In Kristian Hvidt, ed., "Von Reck's Voyage - Georgia in 1736," 1990. Drawings from the Royal Library of Denmark. |
 | Log cabin, a rude but idealized beginning of family farm, 1851, first in sequence of four
prints; see also Slides 1598, 2458 and 2459 Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Gen. Victor Collot, "An American Log-House," c. 1804, engraving Georges Henri Victor Collot, "A Journey in North America," Paris: Arthus Bertrand, 1826. Rare Book & Manuscript Library, Yale University Library, 130 Wall St., PO Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520-8240. |
 | "Captain Lewis & Clark holding a council with the Indians," in "Journal of Voyages and Travels," 1810, etching Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-17372 |
 | Joshua Shaw, "Coming of the White Man," 1850 Copyright holder unknown. Waldo-Dentzel Collection, Northridge, CA. |
 | George Catlin, "Bird's-Eye View of the Mandan Village, 1800 Miles Above St. Louis," 1837-9, oil on canvas, 24 1/8 x 29 in. (61.2 x 73.6 cm)
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.502. www.si.edu. |
 | Ship figurehead, Native American man, 1841-60 Karen Halttunen photo. Shelburne Museum, PO Box 10, Shelburne, VT 05482. |
 | William B. Gleason, "Ship's figurehead, Minnehaha," America, c. 1845-70, wood and paint, 70 1/2" Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1932.704.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Charles Deas, "The Death Struggle," c. 1845; black and white version of Slide 2249 Shelburne Museum, PO Box 10, Shelburne, VT 05482. |
 | George Catlin, "The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas," 1844-45, oil on canvas, 71 x 58 cm (28 x 22 7/8 in.)
National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr, Landover, MD 20785. Paul Mellon Collection. 1965.16.347. www.nga.gov |
 | George Catlin, "Wi-jún-jon, The Pigeon's Egg Head (The Light), Assineboine Chief, Going To and Returning From Washington, D.C.," 1837-39, oil on canvas, 29 x 24 in. (73.6 x 60.9 cm). See also Slide 2214.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.474. www.si.edu. |
 | Edward Hicks, "Penn's Treaty With the Indians," Bucks County, PA, 1830-35, detail; 17 5/8 x 22 3/4 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1958.101.3. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Thomas Cole, "The Hunter's Return," Mt. Chocorua, NH, 1845, oil on canvas, 40 1/8 x 60 1/2 in Courtesy of The Amon Carter Museum, 3501 Camp Bowie Blvd, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2695. Object ID: 1983.156. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | "A View of Plymouth" and harbor, early-mid 19th century, drawing Location unknown |
 | Baroness Hyde de Neuville, "Indian War Dance," a sketch of Indians as they performed at the White House for John Quincy Adams, Washington, DC, 1821, watercolor, pencil and ink on laid paper. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. 8.5.3 |
 | America_in_149201.
Flathead or Chinook woman, a Columbia River Native mother, flattening the head of her baby with a cradleboard, 1860. John Townsend described the procedure in 1835: "It is even considered among them a degradation to possess a round head, and one whose caput has happened to be neglected in his infancy can never become even a subordinate chief in his tribe, and is treated with indifference and disdain, as one who is unworthy of a place amongst them. The flattening of the head is practiced by at least ten or twelve distinct tribes of the lower country, the Klikatats, Kalapooyahs, and Multnomahs, of the Willamette, and its vicinity; the Chinooks, Klatsaps, Klatstonis, Kowalitsks, Katlammets, Killemooks, and Chekalis of the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and probably by others both north and south. The tribe called Flatheads, or Salish, who reside near the sources of the Oregon, have long since abolished this custom. The mode by which the flattening is effected varies considerably with the different tribes. The Willamette Indians place the infant, soon after birth, upon a board, to the edges of which are attached little loops of hempen cord or leather, and other similar cords are passed across and back in a zigzag manner through these loops, enclosing the child and binding it firmly down. To the upper edge of this board, in which is a depression to receive the back part of the head, another smaller one is attached by hinges of leather and made to lie obliquely upon the forehead, the force of the pressure being regulated by several strings attached to its edge, which are passed through holes in the board upon which the infant is lying, and secured there." E. Demenech. University of Washington Library, Box 352900, Seattle, WA 98195-2900. Our thanks to Patricia Kohnen for this information and for her website: At The End of The Trail: Clackamas County Oregon, American Local History Network, www.usgennet.org. Image at: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/or/county/clackamas/clackamas.html. Also in Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., ed., "America in 1492," (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Knopf Domestic Rights, 299 Park Ave, 3rd Fl, New York, NY 10171) 1992, p. 73. |
 | Ca-P02-e3
Map: Grand River Indian Lands, 1821: "Plan showing the lands granted to the Six Indian Nations." The blocks sold by Joseph Brant in 1797 included those numbered 1 through 4, in the northern half of the reserve, and those labeled A and B at the mouth of the river on the northern shore of Lake Erie. Note the core cluster of villages at mid-river. Brant's new home lay on the shores of Burlington Bay to the east. Thomas Ridout map. Library and Archives Canada, 395 Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0N4 CANADA. NMC-3115. |
 | Ca-P09-b3
Demasduit, one of the last Beothuk of Newfoundland, Canada, c. 1819, called "Mary March" by her British captors. British fishermen killed Demasduit's husband and newborn baby and kidnapped her. She died of tuberculosis in 1820 at about age 24. The killers were exonerated by a British grand jury in St John's. The Beothuk people are now extinct, having been hunted for sport by the British. Lady Henrietta Hamilton, miniature watercolor on ivory. Copyright © Library and Archives Canada, 395 Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0N4 CANADA. Acc. No. 1977-14-1. MIKAN No. 2837235. All rights reserved. |
 | Becoming_Americans
"Wi-jún-jon, Pigeon's Egg Head (The Light) Going to and Returning from Washington," 1837–39, depicting assimilation of First Nations peoples. Assiniboine/Nakoda. George Catlin, oil.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.474. |
 | Towards_Revolution24
A Creek man, Stimafachki of the Koasati Creeks, during the Creek-US conference leading to the Treaty of New York, which allowed whites to settle on Native American land in the Georgia piedmont. John Trumbull sketch, 1790. Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Photo #BAE 1169-L-3. Also, Houghton Library, Harvard Yard, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. |
 | Towards_Revolution07
"An Account of the Treaty Held at the City of Albany, in the Province of New York, By His Excellency, the Governor of that Province, and the Honorable the Commissioners of the Provinces of Massachusetts, Connecticut and Pennsylvania, with the Indians of the Six Nations," 1745, printed by Benjamin Franklin in Philadelphia. Early American imprints. First series; no. 5790. (Worcester, MA: American Antiquarian Society, 1955-1983.) |
 | Towards_Revolution23
"Seneca Chief, Ki-On-Twog-Ky, also known as Cornplanter," 1796. Copy of F. Bartoli portrait. Original painting Copyright © New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park W, New York, NY 10024. Accession No. 1867.314. All rights reserved. |
“The History Project at UC Davis always delivers high quality lectures and useful lessons for the classroom.”
Arlis Groves
Teacher
Toby Johnson Middle School, Elk Grove Unified School District