 | Primer, New England, 17th century The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. |
 | Rev. James Janeway, "A Token for Children: being an exact account of the conversion, holy and exemplary lives and joyful deaths of several young children," Boston, MA, 1700 Special Collections, Alexander Library, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 |
 | Isaiah Thomas, "A Little Pretty Pocket Book" for children, 1787 Chicago Historical Society, Clark St at North Ave, Chicago, IL 60614-6071. |
 | White-headed or bald eagle, Peale Museum Copyright holder unknown. In Charles Coleman Sellers, "Mr. Peale's Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art," (New York: W. W. Norton & Co, Inc., 500 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10110, 1980) p. 89. The Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 |
 | Jaws of mastodon in Peale's museum, 1826 John Godman, "American Natural History," 1826. New York Public Library, Room 315, General Research Division, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018-2788 |
 | Mastodon Skeleton, Rembrandt Peale's Baltimore Museum, 1836, lithograph Maryland Historical Society, 201 W. Monument St, Baltimore, MD 21201-4674 |
 | Mammoth of New-York, 1802, exhibited in England, engraved for Rembrandt Peale The Mammoth of New-York Exhibition, 1802 |
 | Shells collected by Titian Ramsay Peale II, Peale Museum
Copyright Academy of Natural Sciences, 1900 Ben Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA 19103. All rights reserved. |
 | Grizzly bear claws, Plains Indian necklace, Peale Museum Copyright holder unknown. The Peabody Museum, Harvard University, 11 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138. |
 | One-room schoolhouse, c. 1800-10, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | "The Antislavery Alphabet" for children, Philadelphia, PA, 1847 The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens, 1151 Oxford Road, San Marino, CA 91108 |
 | Communal child-rearing at Oneida, NY; "the children's hour," 1873 Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, Sept. 13, 1873 |
 | Whipping implements: restraint and disciplinary devices, 19th century William M. Cooper (James Glass Bertram), "Flagellation and The Flagellants: A History of the Rod in All Countries..." (London, 1877) plate 20, opp. p. 478. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens, 1151 Oxford Rd, San Marino, CA 91108. In The American Historical Review, April 1995, p. 333 |
 | The Curate and Little Charles visit a dying alcoholic, 1796 In Rev. C. G. Salzmann, "Elements of Morality, for The Use of Children; with an Introductory Address to Parents," 2 vols., (Philadelphia, 1796), vol. 1, plate 5. The American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA. In The American Historical Review, April 1995, p. 306 |
 | Lady flagellant, 19th century "The Romance of Chastisement, or Revelations of the School and Bedroom: By an Expert," (Boston, 1876) frontis. The American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. In The American Historical Review, April 1995, p. 316 |
 | Prison flogging, 19th century [J.A. Banka], "An Illustrated History and Description of State Prison Life, by One Who Has Been There," (Toledo, 1871) 96. The American Antiquarian Society, Worcester, MA. In The American Historical Review, April 1995, p. 332 |
 | Maud Humphrey, "Miss Muffett's Birthday Party" (similar to DaVinci's Last Supper), NY, 1894 American Lithographic Co. In Harvey Green, "Scientific Thought and the Nature of Children in America, 1820-1920," fig. 4, in Mary Lynn Stevens Heininger et al., "A Century of Childhood, 1820-1920," 1984 |
 | "Tuttle's Baby Jumper or Infant Gymnasium," New York, c. 1850 Location unknown |
 | Children's mug, "for loving a book," pearlware and luster, c. 1800 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | "Morning devotions," 1842 Godey's Lady's Book 24, 1842, p. 241. The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, 219 S 6th St, Philadelphia, PA 19106 |
 | "The New Baby," from "Rhymes for the Nursery," 1837 Winterthur Library, Wilmington, DE 19735. |
 | Catherine Beecher, photographic portrait, c. 1845 Radcliffe College Archives, 10 Garden St, Cambridge, MA 02138. Copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, MA. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Radcliffe. |
 | Joshua Johnson, "Mrs. John Moale (Ellin North Moale) and her Granddaughter Ellin North Moale," Baltimore, MD, c. 1803; oil on canvas, 103.82 cm (40.88 in.) x W: 89.54 cm (35.25 in.) Courtesy of Christie's, 20 Rockefeller Plaza, New York, NY 10020. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the descendants of the Moale family and to Christie's. |
 | Lydia Sigourney, "Teaching the Scriptures," 1840, engraving "Religious Souvenir of 1840." Courtesy of the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, University of Pennsylvania, 3451 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19104. Our thanks to the Library. |
 | "Mother preparing daughter for first party," 1867 Godey's Lady's Book, Jan. 1867. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540 |
 | John Barnard Whittaker, "The Lesson; or, The John Ewart Tousey Family at Home in Brooklyn, New York," 1871-2, oil on canvas, 31" x 42" Copyright holder unknown. (Berry-Hill Galleries, New York?) |
 | Family group, c. 1865, photo; note gendered children. Edward Miner Gallaudet, the founder of Gallaudet University for the Deaf, and his family.
Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-67629. Mathew Brady Studio photo |
 | Jane Stuart, "Interior Scene" of mother and son at lesson, Boston, MA, c. 1835 Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph A. McFalls. Courtesy of Prof. Joseph A. McFalls, Jr., St Augustine Ctr, Liberal Arts Rm 281, Sociology, 800 Lancaster Ave, Villanova, PA 19085. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Professor McFalls. |
 | "The mother sways the dominion of the heart, the father that of the Intellect," 1838 Samuel Goodrich, "Fireside Education," 1838, frontispiece. In Colleen McDannell, "The Christian Home in Victorian America, 1840-1900," p. 8 |
 | "The Light of Home," 1860, engraving Godey's Lady's Book, July 1860. In Harvey Green, "The Light of the Home," 1983. Illustrations copyright The Strong Museum, Rochester, NY. All rights reserved. |
 | Carlisle Indian School football team, 1903 Walter Camp, ed., "Spalding's Official Football Guide for 1904." |
 | Hand-binding for penmanship, Albany, NY, 1830 B.F. Foster, "Practical Penmanship," Albany, NY: Little and Cummings, 1830 |
 | Cartoon, American Museum, by critic, 1851, lithograph Eno Collection, New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018-2788. In Neil Harris, "Humbug: The Art of P.T. Barnum," 1973, p. 46 |
 | Boys learning woodworking, Rochester, NY, Industrial School, c. 1890 Copyright holder unknown |
 | Girls learning to cook, Industrial School of Rochester, NY, c. 1890 Copyright holder unknown |
 | "Parlor Gymnasium," c. 1870, ad The Warshaw Collection of Business Americana, Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History, Archives Center, PO Box 37012, Suite 1100, MRC 601, Constitution Ave, between 12th and 14th Sts, NW, Washington, D.C. 20013-7012. www.si.edu |
 | Young women at wand and Indian club exercises, 1896 Copyright holder unknown. The Strong National Museum of PlayŽ, One Manhattan Square, Rochester, NY 14607. |
 | College football, New Haven, CT, c. 1900 Copyright University of North Carolina Press, 116 South Boundary St, Chapel Hill, NC 27514-3808. All rights reserved. In Michael Oriard, "Reading Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle," (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993) |
 | John Brewster, Jr. (attributed), "Girl in Green," or "Nancy Prince," New England or NY state, c. 1800, oil on canvas, 38 3/4 x 24 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1939.100.6. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Horace Mann, educator, c. 1851 Copyright holder unknown. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York?) |
 | Girl with black rag doll and bisque doll, 1899. Courtesy of Yale University Press, PO Box 209040, New Haven, CT 06520-9040. In Miriam Formanek-Brunell, "Made to Play House: Dolls and the Commercialization of American Girlhood 1830-1930," 1993, p. 29. Frieda Marion photo. Our thanks to Frieda Marion and Yale Press. |
 | Palestine Park, Chautauqua, NY, after 1888, photo. Courtesy of The Chautauqua Institution Archives, PO Box 28, Chautauqua, NY 14722. Our thanks to The Archives. All rights reserved. |
 | "Men in Middle Eastern Dress," Chautauqua, NY, n.d., photo. Courtesy of The Chautauqua Institution Archives, PO Box 28, Chautauqua, NY 14722. Our thanks to The Archives. All rights reserved. |
 | "Oriental Group in Palestine Park," Chautauqua, NY, 1879 Harper's New Monthly Magazine 59, Aug. 1879 |
 | Ads for lectures on geology and other sciences, 19th century Karen Halttunen photo |
 | "The Appleton Cabinet," a photo of page from book, with yellow background and institutional structure on bottom Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Portrait of scientist, with gyroscope(?)
Copyright holder unknown. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Great Wall of China from children's book, "Wonders! Descriptive of Some of the Most Remarkable of Nature and Art," c. 1830
Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Newport Tower with Cadets from U.S. Naval Academy, 1861-65 Copyright holder unknown. In Philip Ainsworth Means, "Newport Tower," Henry Holt and Co, Inc, 175 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10010, 1942, fig. 59 |
 | "The Barefoot Boy," 1867. Based on John Greenleaf Whittier's poem "Blessings on thee, little man, Barefoot boy, with cheek of tan! With thy turned-up pantaloons, And thy merry whistled tune. With the sunshine on thy face, Through thy torn brim's jaunty grace. From my heart I give thee joy - I was once a barefoot boy!" After a painting by Eastman Johnson, printed by L. Prang and Company, Boston. Advertised by Prang as the personification of the American character, "the boy in homespun clothing, barefooted," was meant to symbolize "that self-reliant aspect which characterized the rural and backwoods children of America." Print Dept., Boston Public Library, 700 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02116. In Peter Marzio, The Democratic Art, 1979, plate 86. 8.6.5 |
 | Sunday Schools helped to supplement home religious training for the child. The Methodists had instituted the Sunday school about 1790 and by 1850 it had become an accepted part of Sunday worship. Location unknown. In Floyd and Marion Rinhart, America's Affluent Age, New York, 1971, p. 140. 8.6.5 |
| Sunday Schools helped to supplement home religious training for the child. The Methodists had instituted the Sunday school about 1790 and by 1850 it had become an accepted part of Sunday worship. Duplicate of RE-A-1. Location unknown. In Floyd and Marion Rinhart, America's Affluent Age, New York, 1971, p. 140. 8.6.5 |
 | "Captains of three student companies, 1861." A voluntary company at the University of Michigan trains for Civil War service. bl#003711. Courtesy of the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan. Any further use of this image requires permission from the Bentley. Copyright University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Bentley Library. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, p. 30. 8.6.5, 8.10.5 |
 | At a UC Berkeley assembly in 1872, students confront President Daniel Coit Gilman. Courtesy of The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Bancroft. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, pp. 30-1. UARC PIC 6:19b. 8.6.5 |
 | Wesleyan College students take advantage of relaxed dormitory rules, 1870s. Culver Pictures, Inc., 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. Any further use of this image requires permission from Culver Pictures. Our thanks to Culver pictures. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, p. 29. 8.6.5 |
 | Wesleyan college students relax in their dormitory room, 1870s. Culver Pictures, Inc., 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. Any further use of this image requires permission from Culver Pictures. Our thanks to Culver Pictures. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, p. 28. 8.6.5 |
 | A 19th century Yale college student enjoys his beer and hookah. Yale University Archives, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511. Our thanks to The Yale Archives. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, p. 31. 8.6.5 |
 | Faculty at Wesleyan College, 1870s. Culver Pictures, Inc.,150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. Any further use of this image requires permission from Culver Pictures. Our thanks to Culver Pictures. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, p. 31. 8.6.5 |
 | Hired "sweeps" at a college campus. Yale University Archives, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511. Our thanks to The Yale Archives. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, p. 31. 8.6.5 |
 | An early musical group of college students at Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 1869. University Archives. Department of Rare Books and Special Collections. Courtesy of Princeton University Library, Princeton, NJ 08544. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Princeton. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, p. 28. 8.6.5 |
 | Students pose in their campus fashions at Yale, 1875. Culver Pictures, Inc., 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. Any further use of this image requires permission from Culver Pictures. Our thanks to Culver Pictures. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, p. 28. 8.6.5 |
 | A student activist group, the Wesleyan College outing club, pose with their rifles, 1870. Culver Pictures, Inc., 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. Any further use of this image requires permission from Culver Pictures. Our thanks to Culver Pictures. In American Heritage, Vol. 21, No. 1, Dec. 1969, pp. 28-9. 8.6.5 |
 | Ingrate. An ingrate makes cruel sport of another's misfortune. Sunday School Union Publications. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, "American Manners and Morals," 1969, p. 184. 8.6.5 |
 | Wage earner. A wage earner receives an enthusiastic welcome home. Sunday School Union Publications. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, "American Manners and Morals," 1969, pp. 184-5. 8.6.5, 8.4.3 |
 | John Hailer, "Ways to Life or Damnation," woodcut, 1862. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. 8.6.5 |
 | The Ladder of Fortune," 1875. Catering to 19th century American taste, the Ladder of Fortune assured the virtuous of riches and joy. "The steps to success attract a small crowd, while sin gains throngs behind." Urban growth alarmed moralists, who agreed that vice inhabited cities and virtue lived down on the farm. "THE LADDER OF FORTUNE...INDUSTRY AND MORALITY BRING SOLID REWARDS; IDLE SCHEMES AND SPECULATIONS YIELD POVERTY AND RUIN." Currier & Ives, "Printmakers to the American People...." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-49490. In "The Life History of the United States," Time-Life Books, 1974, Vol. 8, p. 29. 8.6.5 |
 | John Hailer, "The Way of Good and Evil, 1862." Hailer's morality picture. The fundamental choices of life were obedience and rebellion, not confronted in the church but at the schoolhouse door. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-2671. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, "American Manners and Morals," 1969, p. 241. 8.6.5 |
 | Postcard, "Bright, Brave, Busy Boys: Will take good care of themselves, Will not use bad words, Will not use tobacco, Will not drink intoxicating liquor, Will be truthful and honest, Will be kind to all animals." c. 1910. American Heritage, Oct. 1962, p. 108. 8.6.5 |
 | Daydreamer. A slothful daydreamer is reprimanded for keeping late hours. Sunday School Union Publications. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. In Mary Cable and the Eds. of American Heritage, "American Manners and Morals," 1969, p. 184. 8.6.5 |
 | Demonstrating the virtues of industry, this illustration comes from an engraving called "Poor Richard Illustrated," c. 1848, which displays mottoes taken from Benjamin Franklin's Almanac. "Poor Richard Illustrated," c. 1848. In Richard M. Ketchum, ed., "The American Heritage Book of The Pioneer Spirit," American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y., 1959, p. 94. 8.6.5 |
 | The virtues of industry are depicted in this illustration from an engraving called "Poor Richard Illustrated," c. 1848, which displays mottoes taken from Benjamin Franklin's Almanac. "Poor Richard Illustrated," c. 1848. In Richard M. Ketchum, ed., "The Pioneer Spirit," American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y., 1959, p. 94. 8.6.5 |
 | The perils of sloth and waste are depicted in this illustration from an engraving called "Poor Richard Illustrated," c. 1848, which displays mottoes from Benjamin Franklin's Almanac. "Poor Richard Illustrated," c. 1848. In Richard M. Ketchum, ed., "The Pioneer Spirit," American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y., 1959, p. 95. 8.6.5 |
 | The perils of sloth and waste are depicted in this illustration from an engraving called "Poor Richard Illustrated," c. 1848, which displays mottoes from Benjamin Franklin's Almanac. "Poor Richard Illustrated," c. 1848. In Richard M. Ketchum, ed., "The Pioneer Spirit," American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., N.Y., 1959, p. 95. 8.6.5 |
 | "The Holiday ABC Book," publisher and date unknown, c. 1830. "NEATNESS: Nelly, with her brush and broom, Makes a very tidy room; Nancy is no careless slut, All her drawers are nicely shut; Both these little girls, you see, Are as neat as neat can be." "The Holiday ABC Book," c. 1830. In Arnold Arnold, "Pictures and Stories from Forgotten Children's Books," 1969, Plate 164. 8.6.5 |
 | "The Gentleman. The gentleman is a man who has but little to do - who lives upon the interest of his money, and walks about the street. I would rather be an industrious mechanic." Timothy Goodwise, "Simple Stories for Little Folk," Second Edition Improved, Portland, 1836. In Arnold Arnold, "Pictures and Stories from Forgotten Children's Books," 1969, p. 48. 8.6.5 |
 | A slaughterhouse located near a public school in New York City's Fourteenth Ward, 1865. Lack of planning in the rapidly-growing cities created many such problems. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Wayne Moquin, ed., Makers of America, Vol. 3, William Benton, Publisher, 1971, p. 96. 8.6.5, 11.2.1 |
 | The first infant school, Green St., New York City. The school was located in the basement of the Presbyerian Church and maintained and supported "by the aid of a few ladies of respectability." In 1827-28, it had 200-400 pupils, all under five years of age. The monitorial system of instruction achieved cheapness and simplicity; scholars taught one another to a great extent. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 134. 8.6.5 |
 | The first infant school, Green St., New York. "The Children Marching and Reciting Aloud 'Twice Two's Four, etc.'" The school was located in the basement of the Presbyterian Church and maintained and supported "by the aid of a few ladies of respectability." In 1827-28, it had between 200-400 pupils, all under five years of age. The monitorial system of instruction achieved cheapness and simplicity; scholars taught one another to a great extent. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 134. 8.6.5 |
 | The Bloomingdale, N.Y., orphan asylum, 1840. Substantial and sturdy, this orphanage seems more philanthropic than a correctional enterprise. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In David J. Rothman, Discovery of the Asylum, 1971, p. 222. 8.6.5 |
 | The Philadelphia House of Refuge, 1859. "View of the department for white children of the House of Refuge: Looking from the Southwest." The reformatory became more rigid and custodial in the post-1850 period. Courtesy of The Library Company of Philadelphia, 1314 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Our thanks to the Company. In David J. Rothman, Discovery of the Asylum, 1971, p. 257. 8.6.5 |
 | Berks County Almshouse, 1878. The belief that job training would turn the needy into self-sufficient members of society was behind the emergence of mid-nineteenth century almshouses like this idyllic one in Pennsylvania. Despite elaborate facilities, however, the regimen often failed because the inmates were too old. The National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr., Landover, MD 20785. In American Heritage, Dec. 1972, p. 40. 8.6.5 |
 | "Institution of Messrs. Abbott for the Education of Young Ladies" at 412 Houston St., New York City. City children get exercise and sport as part of their school curriculum. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, "Columbia Historical Portrait of New York," 1953, p. 228. 8.6.5 |
 | "The Ladder of Fortune," 1875, indicating that "Industry and morality bring solid rewards. Idle schemes and speculations yield poverty and ruin." Currier & Ives print. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to The Museum. 8.6.5 |
“I can always rely on the History Project as a place to go and be treated as a professional. As a participant I benefit from the curriculum provided that I can use directly in my classroom. I increase my understanding of the subject matter with lectures from and interaction college professors. And I am continually challenged to produce lessons of my own based on my research. I am more thoughtful in planning - integrating new strategies each year to improve my students' learning. My students benefit because of the strategies that I am able to incorporate into my teaching and by the specific knowledge that I receive. My students also benefit because I return to school each year invigorated and rejuvenated.”
Jessica Williams
Teacher
Winters High School, Winters USD