 | Charles Bridges (attributed), "Landon Carter of Sabine Hall," c. 1790. Copyright holder unknown. Sabine Hall, Lancaster County, VA 22482 |
 | Ad for runaway slave boy, 1783 The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park W, New York, NY 10024 |
 | Thomas Coram, "Residence and Slave Quarters of Mulberry Plantation," or "View of Mulberry House and Grounds, near Charleston," SC, c. 1770. Courtesy of The Carolina Art Association/Gibbes Museum of Art, 135 Meeting St, Charleston, SC 29401. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Association and the Museum. |
 | Slave auction notice, Charleston, SC, wharf, 1769 American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634 |
 | Virginia tobacco wharf, 1775, showing slaves serving a drink to a white man and loading hogsheads of tobacco, detail. Engraving. "A Map of the Most Inhabited Part of Virginia Containing the Whole Province of Maryland with Part of Pensilvania, New Jersey and North Carolina," drawn by Joshua Fry and Peter Jefferson, 1775. The Library at The Mariners' Museum, 100 Museum Dr, Newport News, VA 23606 |
 | W. Ralph, "Slaves Just Landed from a Slave Ship," 1808 New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. In Langston Hughes and Milton Meltzer, "A Pictorial History of the Negro in America," 1956, p. 9. Our thanks to the NYPL. |
 | Unidentified artist, "The Old Plantation," probably SC, c. 1795, watercolor on laid paper; primary support: 11 11/16 x 17 7/8 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1935.301.3. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum and the Foundation. |
 | Slave ship manacles and "Sailors Throwing Slaves Overboard," 1822, woodcut and photo Jesse Torrey, "American Slave Trade," 1822. Library of Congress Rare Books and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-30833. |
 | Black silversmith, Williamsburg, VA Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Horse-driven sugar mill, Brazil, 1798-1806 The John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912 |
 | Unidentified artist, "A Depiction of Mary Sabina," England, 1740-45, a "dappled negro," born 1736 in Cartagena, Colombia, on the Caribbean, 1740-45; shows scientific interest in natural phenomena: are all humans the same species or of separate origin? The child actually had a skin condition called vitiligo; oil on canvas; unframed: 26 x 22 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Acquisition funded by an anonymous donor. 1984-45. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Foundation. |
 | "Inspection and Sale of a Negro," 1854, engraving; a slave trader inspects an African man for sale into slavery Brantz Mayer, "Captain Canot, or Twenty Years of an African Slaver," engraved by Whitney Jocelyn Annin, 1854. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-15392 |
 | Lt. Francis Meynell, British Royal Navy, "Slave Deck of the Albatroz," 1845, from 1830 watercolor Courtesy of The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London SE 10 9NF, UK. All rights reserved. Our thanks for the generosity of the NMM. |
 | Cape Coast Castle, an English slave-trading post on the Gold Coast, West Africa, c. 1682. Detail. Location unknown. Henry Greenhill drawing, 1682. In A.W. Lawrence, "Trade Castles and Forts of West Africa," (Stanford University Press, 1964) plate 37. |
 | Slave workers prepare the ground for planting, Caribbean sugar plantation, "Holeing a Cane-Piece," Antigua, 1823, drawing. William Clark, "Ten Views In the Island of Antigua, in Which are Represented the Process of Sugar Making.... From Drawings Made by William Clark, During a Residence of Three Years in the West Indies" (London,1823). British Library, St Pancras, 96 Euston Road, London, NW1 2DB UK. |
 | William Dering, "Portrait of George Booth," VA, possibly Williamsburg, 1748-50, oil on canvas; son of wealthy Virginia planter; denotes self-assurance, violence, classical reference; unframed: 50 1/4 x 39 1/2 in. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1975-242, A&B. All rights reserved. Our thanks to Colonial Williamsburg. |
 | High chest, Newport, RI, 1760-80 Karen Halttunen photo |
 | Easy chair, Charleston, SC, c. 1765, mahogany; a costly item, affordable only to gentry Location unknown. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | A female slave being flogged, 1835 "The Anti-Slavery Record I," No. 10, 1835. The Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA. In The American Historical Review, April 1995, p. 321 |
 | Heman Humphrey, "Parallel Between Intemperance and the Slave Trade," 1828, title page The Congregational Library, 14 Beacon St # 207, Boston, MA 02108 |
 | Patrick Reason, "Am I Not a Woman and a Sister?," 1835, engraving In George Bourne, "Slavery Illustrated in Its Effects upon Woman," Boston, 1837. Library of Congress, Washington, DC 20540. LC Control No.: 11006909 |
 | Unidentified artist, "York Pennsylvania Family with Negro Servant"; a Black woman cradles a white child in a corner, c. 1828 Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, 1 Fine Arts Dr, St. Louis, MO 63110. All rights reserved. We are grateful for the generosity of the St. Louis Art Museum. |
 | William Sidney Mount, "Farmers Nooning," 1836, oil on canvas, 20 ¼ by 24 ¼ in. American Art Union print. Copyright Long Island Museum of American Art, History and Carriages, formerly The Museums at Stony Brook, 1200 Rte 25A, Stony Brook, NY 11790. All rights reserved. |
 | Charles Deas, "The Devil and Tom Walker," 1838, oil on canvas, 34.0 x 49.5 cm Copyright holder unknown. Private collection. In Guy C. McElroy, "Facing History: The Black Image in American Art, 1710-1940," 1990, p. 26 |
 | Francis William Edmonds, "All Talk and No Work," 1855-6, oil on canvas, 24 1/16 x 19 13/16 in. (61.1 x 50.3 cm) Courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Pkwy, Brooklyn, NY 11238. 51.108. Carl H. de Silver Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | James G. Clonney, "In the Cornfield," 1844, oil on canvas, 35.56 x 42.86 cm (14 x 16 7/8 in.)
American Art Union. Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of Martha C. Karolik for the M. and M. Karolik Collection of American Paintings, 1815–1865, 1947. Accession number: 47.1263. |
 | William Sidney Mount, "Eel Spearing at Setauket," 1845; oil on canvas, 28 by 36 in., color version of Slide 2119 The Fenimore Art Museum, New York State Historical Association, 2 Chestnut St, Cooperstown, NY 13326. Gift of Stephen C. Clark. |
 | Nicolino Calyo, "Negro Dancer and Banjo Player," 1835, watercolor, 10 x 14 in. Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Leonard L. Milberg. In Guy C. McElroy, "Facing History: The Black Image in American Art, 1710-1940," 1990, p. 36 |
 | "The Runaway," a run-away slave with stick-bundle, 1837, ad graphic The Anti-Slavery Record, Vol. III, No. 7, 1837. The Alderman Library, University of Virginia, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113 |
 | Proslavery propaganda: "The Negro In His Own Country" vs. "The Negro In America," from "Bible Defence of Slavery," 1852 Josiah Priest, "Bible Defence of Slavery," W. S. Brown: Glasgow, KY 1852. Chicago Historical Society, 1601 N Clark St, Chicago, IL 60614 |
 | Benjamin H. Latrobe, "Overseer Doing His Duty," near Fredericksburg, VA, 1798; drawing in pen, ink, and watercolor "Cultivating Tobacco, Virginia, 1798," Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Sketchbook, III, 33. Maryland Historical Society, 201 W Monument St, Baltimore, MD 21201-4674. "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," University of Virginia; available from http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery. In Robert J. Brugger, "Maryland: A Middle Temperament, 1634-1980" (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988) p. 170 |
 | Diagram of slave ship with representations of African Americans as cargo; slave stowage aboard
British slave ship under Regulated Slave Trade Act of 1788, etching Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-44000 |
 | Tools of the slave trade: iron mask, collar, leg shackles and spurs used to restrict slaves, 1807 Thomas Branagan, "The Penitential Tyrant," 1807. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-31864 |
 | A brutally beaten slave with heavy scarring on his back, 1863 U.S. National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Road, College Park, MD 20740-6001. Copied from: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/thumbnail193.html |
 | Landfront view, Drayton Hall plantation mansion, Charleston, SC, built 1742 Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Slave woman with bells to prevent escape. Title: "A Woman with Iron Horns and Bells on to Keep Her from Running Away," 1848 Moses Roper, "Narrative of the Adventures and Escape of Moses Roper, from American Slavery. With an Appendix, Containing a List of Places Visited by the Author in Great Britain and Ireland and the British Isles; and Other Matter." Berwick-upon-Tweed, 1848. New York Public Library, Fifth Ave & 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. Our thanks to the NYPL. |
 | Woven coverlet, African design, La Grange, GA Location unknown. (Troup County Archives, GA?) |
 | Plantation at Beaufort, SC, photographed during federal occupation beginning 1862 Location unknown |
 | Shadows-on-the-Teche plantation, New Iberia, LA Copyright holder unknown. The Panavue Color Slide Co. |
 | Lewis Miller, "Slave Trader, Sold to Tennessee," 1853, from "Sketchbook of Landscapes in the State of Virginia," slaves en route to new owner in Tennessee; watercolor, ink and pencil on wove paper; overall: 12 1/2 x 7 7/16 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1978.301.1,26. All rights reserved. Gift of Dr. and Mrs. Richard M. Kain in memory of George Hay Kain. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Unidentified artist, "The Old Plantation," probably SC, c. 1795, watercolor on laid paper; primary support: 11 11/16 x 17 7/8 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1935.301.3. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. All rights reserved. Our thanks for the generosity of the Musuem. |
 | Slaves on large plantation near Vicksburg, MS, July 5, 1863 Copyright holder unknown. J. Jack Moore Collection, Old Court House Museum, 1008 Cherry St, Vicksburg, MS 39183 |
 | Slaves with cotton loads returning from fields, SC, c. 1860 Copyright holder and location unknown |
 | "Ye Southern Planter," 1838 Copyright holder unknown. Collection of Dr. Richard Saloom, Prattville, AL. |
 | Slave family of five generations, Smith plantation, Beaufort, SC, 1862 Timothy O'Sullivan photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-B8171-152-A |
 | Leg and neck irons for slaves Location unknown |
 | Combination slave kitchen and laundry at Foster house, Union Springs, Bullock County, AL; 1935 photo W.N. Manning photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS ALA,6-UNSP,1-13 |
 | Slaves planting sugar cane, and windmills power sugar cane mills, Bodkin's Estate, Antigua, West Indies, 1823. "One method of planting sugar cane involves placing a few cuttings from the top of a mature cane stalk in each cane hole and carefully covering it with soil. Young cane requires constant weeding and fertilizing." William Clark's "Ten Views in the Island of Antigua," (London, 1823). Beinecke Collection of the Lesser Antilles, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd, Clinton, NY 13323 |
 | Slave houses, St. Kitts, 1820s, woodcut Courtesy of The John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence RI 02912. Our thanks to The Library. |
 | Eastman Johnson, "A Ride for Liberty—The Fugitive Slaves," 1862, oil on board, 21 15/16 x 26 1/8 in. (55.8 x 66.4 cm). Courtesy of The Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Pkwy, Brooklyn, NY 11238. Gift of Gwendolyn O.L. Conkling, 40.59A. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Brooklyn Museum. |
 | "French Set Girls," Jonkannu Dancers, Jamaica, 1837-38, celebrating Christmas or the new year. Isaac Mendes Belisario, " "Sketches of Character...of the Negro Population, in the Island of Jamaica," (Kingston, 1837-38). Courtesy of The National Library of Jamaica, 12 East St, Kingston, JAMAICA. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the National Library of Jamaica. |
 | Row of slave quarters, clapboard and single pen, at Roseberry plantation, Dinwiddie County, VA; 1936 photo Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS VA,27-FORD.V,1-2 |
 | Slave quarters, three- and two-room units like a barracks, Robertson Ranch, TX, built c. 1860; 1936 photo Arthur W. Stewart photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS TEX,14-SALA,1-7 |
 | Slaves on treadmill for punishment, Jamaica, 1834. Courtesy of The National Library of Jamaica, 12 East St, Kingston, JAMAICA. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The National Library of Jamaica. |
 | Slaves mill sugar cane to extract juice, West Indies, c. 1655, detail. Courtesy of the Library Company of Philadelphia, 1314 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107. In Pierre Pomet, "A Compleat History of Druggs," (London, 1748) facing p. 57. Our thanks for the generosity of The Library Company of Philadelphia. |
 | Magnolia Mound, Baton Rouge, LA, built c. 1791 Copyright holder unknown. The Dexter Color Slide Co. |
 | Ashland Plantation, Ascension Parish, LA, built 1839 Copyright holder unknown. The Panavue Color Slide Co. |
 | Parlor, Magnolia Mound, Baton Rouge, LA, built c. 1791 Copyright holder unknown. The Dexter Color Slide Co. |
 | Floorplan of slave quarters, for two families(?), Forks of Cypress plantation, Florence, AL, built 1820, 18 x 24 in. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS ALA,39-FLO.V,3- |
 | Dairy with overhanging eaves for coolness, Woodlands plantation, Northampton County, VA, built 1785; 1960 photo, 5 x 7 in. Jack E. Boucher photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Historic American Buildings Survey, Washington, DC 20540. HABS VA,66-NASA.V,1-9 |
 | "Cutting the Sugar Cane," 1823. Slaves harvest cane on a plantation in Antigua, West Indies. William Clark, "Ten Views in the Island of Antigua," (London, 1823). Beinecke Collection of the Lesser Antilles, Hamilton College, 198 College Hill Rd, Clinton, NY 13323. |
 | "The Hottentot Venus," name for Saartje Baartman, 1824; a Khoisan woman from South Africa Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire and Frédéric Cuvier, "Histoire naturelle des mammifères avec les figures originales," 1824 |
 | Anon., Plantation Kitchen, c. 1845 Copyright holder unknown |
 | Dining room, Boone Hall Plantation, Mt. Pleasant, SC, early 18th century Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Library, Audubon Memorial State Park, St. Francisville, LA, 1799. Courtesy of Audubon State Historic Site, Louisiana Office of State Parks, PO Box 546, St. Francisville, LA 70775. Our thanks to the Audubon State Historic Site. |
 | Plantation office, Audubon Memorial State Park, St. Francisville, LA, 1799. Courtesy of Audubon State Historic Site, Louisiana Office of State Parks, PO Box 546, St. Francisville, LA 70775. Our thanks to the Audubon State Historic Site. |
 | Children's bedroom, Magnolia Mound Plantation, Baton Rouge, LA, 1786 Copyright holder unknown. Dexter Press? Magnolia Mound Plantation, Baton Rouge, LA. |
 | Loggia porch, Boone Hall Plantation, Mt. Pleasant, SC, early 18th century Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Breakfast room, Rosedown Plantation & Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Window treatment in breakfast room, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Swan cradle in master bedroom, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Bust of William Turnbull, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Library, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Chest in Henry Clay room, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Bas-relief of Ann Benoist, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Antebellum bathroom, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Newel post in entrance hall, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Oak avenue from entrance hall, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Music room, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Dining room, Rosedown Plantation and Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | The doctor's office, Rosedown Plantation & Gardens, St. Francisville, LA, 1835 Copyright holder unknown. Rosedown Plantation State Historic Site, 12501 Louisiana Hwy 10, St. Francisville, LA 70775. In Ola Mae Word, "Reflections of Rosedown," (St. Francisville, LA: Private printing 1971). |
 | Avenue of oaks, Boone Hall Plantation, Mt. Pleasant, SC, early 18th century Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Mansion, Boone Hall Plantation, Mt. Pleasant, SC, early 18th century Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Oaklawn Manor Plantation, Franklin, LA, 1837 Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Shadows-on-the-Teche Plantation, New Iberia, LA, 1834 Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Mansion through gates, Boone Hall Plantation, Mt. Pleasant, SC, early 18th century Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Oaklawn Manor Plantation, Franklin, LA, 1837 Copyright holder unknown. PanaVue Slide Co. |
 | Greenwood Plantation, St. Francisville, LA, 1830 Copyright holder unknown. PanaVue Slide Co. |
 | Nathaniel Russell House, Charleston, SC, 1809 Copyright holder unknown. Charleston Post Card Co., Inc., Charleston, SC. |
 | Joshua Johnson, "Grace Allison McCurdy (Mrs. Hugh McCurdy) and Her Daughters, Mary Jane and Letitia Grace," c. 1806, oil on canvas, 44 x 38-3/4". The artist was a Black painter of prominent Baltimore families. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 1983.87. Museum Purchase through the gifts of William Wilson Corcoran, Elizabeth Donner Norment, Francis Biddle, Erich Cohn, Hardinge Scholle and the William A. Clark Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | William Wetmore Story, "The Libyan Sibyl," marble, modeled 1861, carved 1868, 57 x 30 7/8 x 43 3/4 in. (144.8 x 78.4 x 111.1 cm.); inspired by Sojourner Truth Karen Halttunen photo. Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Bequest of Henry Cabot Lodge through John Ellerton Lodge. 1925.6.3. www.si.edu. |
 | Christian Mayr, "Kitchen Ball at White Sulphur Springs," VA, 1838, oil on canvas, 24 x 29 1/2 in. (61.0 x 75.0 cm.). Courtesy of The North Carolina Museum of Art, 4630 Mail Services Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-4630. Purchased with funds from the State of North Carolina, 52.9.23. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Professor Louis Agassiz, 1875 Samuel A. Drake, "Nooks and Corners of the New England Coast," 1875 |
 | "Husbands, wives, and families sold indiscriminately to different purchasers, are violently separated, probably never to meet again...See the poor victim/torn from social strife/The shrinking babe,/the agonizing wife." 500,000 Strokes for Freedom, A Series of Anti-slavery Tracts. Leed's Anti-slavery Series No. 9, 1853, p. 29. In London, issued by the Friends of the Negro. Reprinted 1969. 10.3.4 |
 | Charles T. Webber, Ohio artist, "Underground Railroad," 1893. Copyright The Cincinnati Art Museum, 953 Eden Park Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45202. All rights reserved. In American Heritage, April 1967, p. 22. 8.11.3 |
 | African American plantation workers, wearing old Union uniforms, harvest sweet potatoes at Edisto Island, SC, April 1862, or Hilton Head, SC, c. 1864; if the latter, they are free and may be working for themselves. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. |
 | A wedding ceremony. "Some owners, prompted by religious scruples or a desire for harmony among their people or by simple human feeling, encouraged marriage." But this was rare indeed. 19th century woodcut. Corbis Corporation, 710 Second Ave., Ste. 200, Seattle, WA 98104. In Walter Goodman, Black Bondage, 1969, pp. 88, 91. 8.7.2 |
 | The growth and spread of slavery in the slave states. Copyright Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC, 1530 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20005. All rights reserved. In Orville W. Taylor, Negro Slavery in Arkansas, 1968, p. 49. 8.7.2 |
 | A pro-slavery cartoon, comparing attitudes of England and the American South. The slave is saying, "God bless you, massa! You feed and clothe us. When we are sick you nurse us, and when too old to work, you provide for us!" The slave owner is saying, "These poor creatures are a legacy from my ancestors and while a dollar is left me, nothing shall be spared to increase their comfort and happiness." The British laborer is saying, "Oh heaven! In this boasted land of freedom to be starving from want of employment! No relief from the purse-proud aristocracy whose bloated fortunes have been made by our blood and toil!" The British aristocrat is saying, "Come pack off to the workhouse! That's the only fit asylum for you!" c. 1841. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-89745. In Leslie H. Fishel, Jr., and Benjamin Quarles, eds., The Negro American: A Documentary History, Scott, Foresman and Co., 1967, p. 100. 8.7.2 |
 | Caesar, the last Negro slave owned in New York State, 1850. Copyright The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. All rights reserved. In Beaumont Newhall, Daguerreotype in America, 1961, Plate #75. 8.7.2 |
 | Kidnapping of a free Negro. In Jesse Torrey, Portraiture of Domestic Slavery in the United States, Philadelphia, PA, 1817. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 51. 8.7.2 |
 | Nat Turner Rebellion, 1831. Illustration published in the Anti-Slavery Almanac of Negro slaves' massacre of whites in Virginia. Use with BA-H-21. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-38902. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1970, p. 698. 8.7.2 |
 | Nat Turner Rebellion, 1831. Detail of the slave massacre of whites in Virginia, as illustrated in the Anti-Slavery Almanac. Use with BB-H-20. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-38902. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1970, p. 698. 8.7.2 |
 | Black massacre of white slave traders aboard the ship Amistad, 1839, as illustrated in the Anti-Slavery Almanac. J.W. Barber, History of the Amistad Captives, 1840. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1970, p. 698. 8.7.2 |
 | Allegory, "The Voyage of the Sable Venus from Angola to the West Indies" by British artist Thomas Stothard, 1794. Its reference, Botticelli's "Birth of Venus." An attempt to idealize the effects of the slave trade. Bryan Edwards, The History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, 1801. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 81. |
 | A slave couple being separated by a slave trader. Woodcut. Sinclair Hamilton Collection, Princeton University Library, One Washington Road, Princeton, NJ 08544. In Bernard A. Weisberger, The American Heritage History of the American People, 1971, p. 94. 8.7.2, 10.4.3 |
 | A family on an auction block in Virginia. "Slave trading was big business throughout the South until the Civil War; a skilled, intelligent slave was worth over $1000 in the 19th century." 1861. Illustrated London News, Feb. 16, 1861, vol. 38, p. 139. In Editors of News Front, Pictorial History of the Black American, 1968, p. 22. |
 | Slave being auctioned off in New Amsterdam (New York), 17th century. Howard Pyle drawing. 1895. Harpers New Monthly Magazine, Jan. 1895, p. 299. In John Hope Franklin, An Illustrated History of Black Americans, 1970, p. 22. |
 | Detail of the interior of a slave ship showing slaves crammed together. Detail of BA-T-1. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-44000. In John Hope Franklin, An Illustrated History of Black Americans, 1970, pp. 16-7. |
 | Slaves yoked together as they are marched from the African interior to the coast for delivery to the traders. Slave Coffle, Central Africa, 1866 David Livingstone, The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to his death..., London, 1874, p. 62. In John Hope Franklin, An Illustrated History of Black Americans, 1970, p. 14. |
 | "The home of the oppressed." A sketch of a band of slaves being led past the U.S. Capitol Building. 1836. From "The Slave Market of America." Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-40900. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 65. |
 | "Slave auction, Rotunda, New Orleans," 1839. Sale of estates, pictures and slaves at the New Orleans slave mart. Detail of BA-T-3. Leeds Anti-Slavery Series, No. 16, 1850. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 71. |
 | Stowing the slave "cargo" on a slave ship, 1855. Slaves were subjected to extreme cruelty aboard ships. Henry Howe drawing. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ61-301. Henry Howe, " Life and Death on the Ocean..." (Cincinnati, 1856) facing p. 537. 8.7.2 |
 | A sketch of the inspection and sale of a Negro by a prospective buyer. Detail of BA-T-15. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-15392. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 35. 8.7.2 |
 | Newspaper notices of sales of Negroes from Africa and America, 1784. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 13. 8.7.2 |
 | A sketch of a slave auction at Charleston, S.C. in 1856, as viewed by an Englishman (Eyre Crowe, Thackeray's secretary) during his American trip. The Illustrated London News, 1856. In J.C. Furnas, Goodbye to Uncle Tom, 1956, p. 278d. 8.7.2 |
 | Painting of an African mother with her two children, fearfully awaiting the arrival of a slave ship. Cornell University Library, 201 Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 4. 8.7.2 |
 | Painting of an African being forced to march to the slave ships on the African Coast. Cornell University Library, 201 Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 7. 8.7.2 |
 | Painting depicting the terror and barbarity inflicted on the Africans by the Dutch, Spanish and English slave traders. The first blacks arrived in America in 1619. The first laws defining condition of servitude. Cornell University Library, 201 Olin Library, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 6. |
 | Lt. Francis Meynell, "Slave Deck of the Albaroz, 1845." A watercolor depicting conditions on a slave vessel after the slaves had been freed by the Royal Navy. This is the only known live drawing of a slave vessel. Copyright The National Maritime Museum, Park Row, Greenwich, London SE10 9NF, England, UK. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. In Henry F. Bedford and Trevor Colbourn, The Americans: A Brief History, 1972. 8.7.2 |
 | Inspection and Sale of a Negro." Slave traders doing business with native rulers off Guinea Coast, 1854. "Slave traders did most of their business with native rulers on the Guinea Coast of West Africa. The Royal African Company of England, chartered in 1672, dominated trade, but Spanish, French and Dutch companies also profited from 'black gold.'" Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-15392. Brantz Mayer, "Captain Canot: or, Twenty Years an African Slaver," (New York, 1854) facing. p. 94. |
 | A group of slaves being forced across the Rapidan River to be sold. Wilson Armistead, Garland of Freedom, London, England, 1843. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 144. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-108055. 8.7.2 |
 | Infant being auctioned off at a slave sale. The artist escaped from slavery in 1838. Henry Bibb, "Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Henry Bibb, an American Slave, written by himself," (New York, 1849) p. 201. |
 | "A slave pen at New Orleans before the auction," 1863. The slaves are dressed in their best clothes. Harper's Weekly, 1863. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Charles H. Wesley, International Library of Negro Life and History, Publishers Co., Inc., 1967, p. 217. |
 | "Slave Market on the Gambia River," c. 1833. Europeans enslave, brand and whip Africans. Detail. Africans first came to America as slaves from West Africa in custody of slavers, early 17th c. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-30817. Richard Drake, "Revelations of a Slave Smuggler," (New York, 1860) opp. title p. |
 | Slaves in chains. "A slave coffle within sight of the U.S. Capitol raised many questions." c. 1819. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-2574. William Cullen Bryant and Sidney Howard Gay, "A Popular History of the United States," (New York, 1881) vol. 4, p. 266. |
 | Slavery advertisement. Thomas A. Powell & Co.'s slave ad, Montgomery, Alabama. Montgomery Confederation, Dec. 8, 1859. In Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading in the Old South, 1969, p. 296. 8.7.2 |
 | Slavery advertisement. Announcement of a slave auction. New York Public Library Picture Collection, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Walter Goodman, Black Bondage, 1969, p. 1. 8.7.2 |
 | Slave advertisement. "Raffle. Mr. Joseph Jennings respectfully informs his friends and the public that, at the request of many acquaintances, he has been induced to purchase from Mr. Osborne of Missouri, the celebrated DARK BAY HORSE 'STAR' aged 5 years, square trotter and warranted sound; with a new light Trotting Buggy and Harness. MULATTO GIRL, 'SARAH,' aged about 20 years, general house servant, valued at 9 hundred dollars, and guaranteed, and Will be Raffled for at 4 o'clock PM February first, at the selection hotel of the subscribers. The above is as represented, and those persons who wish to engage in the usual practice of raffling, will, I assure them, be perfectly satisfied with their destiny in this affair. The whole is valued at its just worth, fifteen hundred dollars; fifteen hundred CHANCES AT ONE DOLLAR EACH. The Raffle will be conducted by gentlemen selected by the interested subscribers present. BOTH OF THE ABOVE CAN BE SEEN AT MY STORE. Highest throw to take first choice; the lowest throw the remaining choice, and the fortunate winners will pay twenty dollars each for the refreshments served on the occasion. N.B. No chances recognized unless paid for previous to the commencement." New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Harnett T. Kane, Gone Are the Days, 1960, p. 270. |
 | Slavery advertisements. Ads of Lexington slave traders. (Lexington) Kentucky Statesman, Jan. 13, 1860. In Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading in the Old South, 1967, p. 132. |
 | Slave auction. "Sale of estates and slaves in the Rotunda, New Orleans," 1839. See detail, BA-T-25. Five Hundred Thousand Strokes for Freedom, Leed's Anti-Slavery Tract #16 (London, 1853) reprinted 1969. |
 | Slavery, The Middle Passage. Why are the slaves sitting on the deck? And why are some of them smiling? What is the bias of this picture? Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-19607. Harper's Weekly, 1860, Vol. 4, p. 344. In John W. Blassingame, The Slave Community, 1972, p. 8. |
 | The Middle Passage. "Stowage of the British slave ship Brookes under the regulated slave trade act of 1788." Loading plan for a slave ship, from an 1839 lithograph published in London. In irons, the captives were cramped in the hold of the ship. Conditions were grim; many died in the heat and stench. Broadside, detail. See also BA-T-27. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-44000. |
 | A page of a popular pocket manual of phrenology shows how popular science undergirded the widely accepted belief in Negro's biological inferiority. Test: "The various races also accord with phrenological science. Thus, Africans generally have full perceptors and large Tune and Language, but retiring Causality, and accordingly are deficient in reasoning capacity, yet have excellent memories and lingual and musical powers." 1857. In Fowler's Phrenological Signs of Character, 1857. In Anti-Defamation League of B'Nai B'rith, The Distorted Image, 1850-1922, 1973(?) 8.7.2 |
 | Cotton slavery stereotypes. "Cotton bales and Jigging time. They went together according to this popular view." The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Harnett T. Kane, Gone Are the Days, 1960, p. 212. 8.7.2 |
 | "An artist's rendering of a slave party." Dancing was popular; it was done to rhythm from a fiddle, banjo, or sticks in a tin pan. 1852. In Robert Criswell, Uncle Tom's Cabin, New York, 1852. In Walter Goodman, Black Bondage, 1969, p. 45. 8.7.2 |
 | Slavery. A religious service comparison. "One of the few joys left to black bondsmen was religion. Church services they attended with whites differed considerably from those they conducted when alone." Illustrated London News, Dec. 5, 1863. In Walter Goodman, Black Bondage, 1969, p. 59. 8.7.2 |
 | Unidentified artist, "The Old Plantation," probably SC, c. 1795, watercolor on laid paper. "Late 18th century slaves having a frolic on a Virginia Plantation." Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Eastman Johnson, "My Old Kentucky Home," painting of "carefree" slaves, 1859. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Francis Russell, The American Heritage History of the Making of the Nation, 1783-1860, 1968, p. 392. 8.7.2 |
 | A Negro female fruit seller resting on cotton bales. Copyright holder unknown. Private collection. In Francis Russell, The American Heritage History of the Making of the Nation, 1783-1860, 1968, p. 384. 8.7.2 |
 | William Sidney Mount, "Power of Music," oil on canvas, signed and dated 1847. 17 x 21 in. A slave listens to music. For color version, see SO-G-4. Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund. Copyright The Cleveland Museum of Art, 11150 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106. All rights reserved. In Francis Russell, The American Heritage History of the Making of the Nation, 1783-1860, 1968, p. 353. 8.7.2 |
 | "The Dandy Slave," from a sketch that appeared in a Baltimore newspaper, 1861. New York Public Library Picture Collection, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Walter Goodman, Black Bondage, 1969, p. 35. 8.7.2 |
 | Advertisement. $100 promised for the return of a runaway slave, 1855. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Harnett T. Kane, Gone Are the Days, 1960, p. 270. 8.7.2 |
 | Slavery advertisements. Newspaper notices of runaway slaves, 1851. Arkansas State Gazette and Democrat, July 4, 1851. In Orville W. Taylor, Negro Slavery in Arkansas, 1968, p. 229. 8.7.2 |
 | Slave being whipped. "This kind of savage cruelty was more common on large plantations with hired overseers than on smaller farms where masters often worked in the fields beside their slaves." New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Eds. Of News Front, Pictorial History of the Black American, N.Y., 1968, p. 29. 8.7.2 |
 | A sketch of a slave being branded. "Slave branding provided a mark of identification, facilitated the recovery of fugitives, and satisfied the satanic claim that Negroes were less than human." Wilson Armistead, Five Hundred Thousand Strokes for Freedom, London, England, 1853. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 10. 8.7.2 |
 | Sketch of Negro fugitives being shot at. "Effects of the Fugitive Slave Law." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-1286. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 325. 8.7.2 |
 | Sketches of shackles used on Negro slaves to force them to work and to prevent escape. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-31864. Thomas Branagan, Penitential Tyrant, 1807. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 78. 8.7.2 |
 | Sketch of Negro slave hoeing, with head, leg and body shackles. Thomas Branagan, Penitential Tyrant, 1807. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 79. 8.7.2 |
 | "Branding an Enslaved Woman," 1854. "Branding as punishment for petty offenses was one of the many painful humiliations of slaves' life."
New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. Brantz Mayer, "Captain Canot: or, Twenty Years an African Slaver" (New York, 1854) facing p. 102. |
 | A slave being tied to rafters as punishment. Leeds Anti-Slavery Series, No. 7, 1850. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 116. 8.7.2 |
 | "Common Mode of Whipping with a Paddle," 1829. A white man is punished for helping slaves escape; his hands are bound and he is held to the ground with a stick as he beaten with a paddle. Enslaved Africans were commonly beaten this way. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-90726. David Walker, "Trial and Imprisonment of Jonathan Walker, at Pensacola, Florida, for aiding slaves to escape from bondage," (Boston, 1845). Originally published in 1829. |
 | Slaveowner shooting a fugitive slave. Leeds Anti-Slavery Series, No. 32, 1850. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 306. 8.7.2 |
 | Negro fugitives in a wagon, shooting at whites in an attempt to flee to freedom. 1872. Copyright holder unknown. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. LC-USZ62-76205. William Still, Underground Railroad, 1872. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 312. 8.7.2 |
 | Negro fugitive on limb of a tree being pursued by bloodhounds. Wilson Armistead, Five Hundred Thousand Strokes for Freedom, London, England, 1853. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 313. 8.7.2 |
 | Sketch of wooden neck shackles worn by slaves. Thomas Branagan, Penitential Tyrant, 1807. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 79. 8.7.2 |
 | A sketch of a slave being whipped and a cat being pulled by its tail over the slave's bare back. David Walker, A Picture of Slavery for Youth, 1829. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 112. |
 | White man holding a raised paddle used to beat slaves. Use with BA-V-10 and BA-A-17. Leeds Anti-Slavery Series, No. 7, 1850. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 115. 8.7.2 |
 | Slave on ground, bound and being beaten with a paddle. Use with BA-V-9 and BA-A-16. Leeds Anti-Slavery Series, No. 7, 1850. In Dwight L. Dumond, Antislavery, 1961, p. 115. 8.7.2 |
 | Gordon, a slave with a back scarred by whipping, Louisiana, 1863. Corbis Corp., 710 Second Ave., Ste. 200, Seattle, WA 98104. In Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading in the Old South, 1967, p. 108. 8.7.2 |
 | Black slave whipping black slave, under eye of overseer. See also BA-V-5. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Edwin C. Rozwenc, The Making of American Society, Vol. I, 1972, p. 584h. 8.7.2 |
 | White overseer. Detail of BA-V-4. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Edwin C. Rozwenc, The Making of American Society, Vol. I, 1972, p. 584h. 8.7.2 |
 | Black slave abused by drunken white man. New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Edwin C. Rozwenc, The Making of American Society, Vol. I, 1972, p. 584e. 8.7.2 |
 | Eastman Johnson, "A Ride for Liberty - The Fugitive Slave," oil, 1860s. Courtesy of the Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York 11238-6052. Gift of Gwendolyn O.L. Conkling. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Brooklyn Museum. In Walter Goodman, Black Bondage, 1969, p. 81. 8.7.2 |
 | Eastman Johnson, "Old Kentucky Home." Chromolithograph. See also BA-U-8 and FA-A-9. Copyright New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. All rights reserved. In Eds. of Time-Life Books, Modern American Painting, 1977, p. 18. 8.7.2 |
 | Al Jolson in "Mammy" stance, c. 1927. Copyright holder unknown. Courtesy of The New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 310. Our thanks to the NYPL. 8.7.2 |
 | Eddie Cantor in Whoopie, 1928. Yet another minstrel stereotype. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University. Copyright President and Fellows of Harvard College, Cambridge, MA 02138. All rights reserved. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 324. 8.7.2 |
 | Al Jolson blacking up to go on stage. Copyright holder unknown. Courtesy of The New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 308. Our thanks to the NYPL. 8.7.2 |
 | Charlie Wilson, a comic banjo player. Another minstrel stereotype of blacks. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 94. 8.7.2 |
 | Thomas D. Rice as "Jim Crow," 1830s. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 82. 8.7.2 |
 | Billy Rice as a blustering stump speaker, 1882. A minstrel stereotype of blacks. Ohio State Journal, May 5, 1882. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 96. 8.7.2 |
 | Billy Emerson, a leading song and dance man. Another minstrel stereotype. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 94. 8.7.2 |
 | Dan Bryant as Mr. Tambo, a minstrel stereotype of blacks. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With the Show, 1976, p. 95. 8.7.2 |
 | Minstrels faced patrons at least as vocal as actors did. This picture shows audience members pelting minstrel performers with shoes and other objects while the musicians hide under the stage. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With The Show, 1976, p. 90. 8.7.2 |
 | "Old Uncle Dan," sheet music, 1877. "Sung with great success by Milt. G. Barlow of Barlow, Wilson, Primrose & West's Minstrels." Old Uncle Dan, with a cane, comes through a gate, hat in hand; he has white hair and glasses; also there are slaves in a field, slave quarters, a slave with a banjo and another eating a watermelon. Harvard Theater Collection, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. In Robert C. Toll, On With The Show, 1876, p. 103. 8.7.2 |
 | Frances F. Palmer, "American Country Life," 1855. Winter in the country for the rich. A slave is bringing a sleigh to the family for a family ride and outing in the snow. Currier & Ives. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Colin Simkin, ed., "Currier and Ives' America," Crown Pubs., Inc., New York, 1952. 8.7.2 |
 | New Orleans in 1850. Its busy levee saw $100 million in annual trade. In the Old South, every town of 2,500 had access to navigable waters. Fernand Bourges, Preston Player Collection. Knox College Library, 2 East South St., Galesburg, IL 61401-4999. In "The Life History of the U.S.," Vol. 3, The Growing Years, Time-Life Books, 1974, p. 141. 8.7.2 |
 | Slavery_to_180028
"Enslaved Africans Being Boarded onto Slave Ships, 1844." Smaller boats take captives to waiting ocean-going vessels. In James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 53; original source not identified. And in Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite, Jr., "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," a project of The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113. |
 | Slavery_to_180050.
African-American drum, Virginia, before 1730, wood and deerskin, height 15.8 in. This drum is held by the British Museum, whose website identifies it as an "Asante-style drum," made from wood "native to Africa" and probably brought to Virginia by a British sailor on a slaving voyage from Africa. Photo taken from John M . Vlach, "The Afro-American Tradition in Decorative Arts," (Cleveland Museum of Art, 11150 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106) 1978, fig.5, p. 20; see Comments. Image Reference NW0160. In Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite, Jr., "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," a project of The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113. And see The British Museum website, "Compass Collections Online," British Museum, Great Russell St, London, England WC1B 3DG UNITED KINGDOM. |
 | Towards_Revolution43
"Sugar Cane and The Art of Making Sugar," 1749. Slaves grow, cut and process sugar cane at a plantation in the French West Indies. Engraving. Universal Magazine, London, 1749. Similar to "Sugar Works, French West Indies, 1667," in Jean Baptiste Du Tertre, "Histoire Générale des Antilles Habitées par les François," vol. 2 (Paris, 1667) p. 122. |
 | Col-P17-a2
"Fox," the Indian slave, with bow and arrow, c. 1732. There were about 2000 Indian slaves in New France, most from the west, who worked as household servants. Slavery in New France was almost insignificant compared with that in the Caribbean and in Britain's American colonies. Rochefort, France. "L'Esclave Renard," Centre historique des Archives nationales, 60 rue des Francs-Bourgeois, 75003 Paris, FRANCE. Also, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Quai François-Mauriac, 75706 Paris Cedex 13 FRANCE. |
 | Auctioneer with Negro slaves in a New Orleans slave pen before an auction, 1861. "Slaves for Sale: A Scene in New Orleans." Detail of BA-T-11. Illustrated London News, vol. 38, p. 307, Jan.-June 1861. Also, Harper's Weekly, 1863. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540. In Charles H. Wesley, International Library of Negro Life and History, Publishers Co., Inc., 1967, p. 217. 8.7.2 |
 | English tobacco label showing black labor, white leisure, 18th c. New York Public Library, Fifth Ave and 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. In Barbara Clark Smith, "After the Revolution: The Smithsonian History of Everyday Life in the 18th Century," (New York: Pantheon Press, 1985), p. 93 top. Our thanks to the NYPL. |
 | Col-P24-a4
"Broad Quay, Bristol," England: a seaport at the height of the slave trade, c. 1760. Attributed to Philip Van Dyke, detail. Copyright © British Empire & Commonwealth Museum, Station Approach, Temple Meads, Bristol, BS1 6QH UNITED KINGDOM. All rights reserved. |
 | Col-P18-c3
"Slave Deck of the Albatroz," 1845. On patrol for ships engaged in the illegal slave trade, Lt. Francis Meynell of the Royal Navy painted this image of the lower deck of the captured slave ship Albatroz off the African coast.
Copyright © National Maritime Museum, 8 Park Row, Greenwich, London, SE 10 9NG UNITED KINGDOM. Repro ID D9317. All rights reserved. |
 | Col-P17-c3
West Indies Sugar Mill, 1665: The steps in sugar-making. Charles de Rochefort, "Histoire naturelle et morale des îles Antilles de l'Amérique," (Rotterdam, 1665). John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Box 1894, Providence, RI 02912. |
 | Col-P17-d4
"The Old Plantation," SC, 1790-1800; note banjo. Unknown artist, watercolor. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation for its generosity to our Project over the years. |
 | Col-P18-b3
Olaudah Equiano, c.1780, writer and abolitionist (1745-97), the first political leader of Britain’s African community, born in Nigeria and kidnapped by slave traders at the age of 11. His autobiography, the "Interesting Narrative," written in English in 1789, immediately became a sensation, and has remained a classic source for our knowledge about the European slave trade from the point of view of the slave. Copyright © Royal Albert Museum, Queen St, Exeter, England EX4 3RX UNITED KINGDOM. All rights reserved. |
 | Col-P17-c2
Slaves in the West Indies prepare the ground for planting sugar cane: "Holeing a Cane-Piece," 1823, Antigua. William Clark, "Ten Views in the Island of Antigua," (London: Thomas Clay, 1823). National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, England SE10 9NF UNITED KINGDOM. |
 | Col-P17-d3
Slaves making indigo, Carolina, 1773.
Henry Mouzon, Jr. & John Lodge, "A map of the Parish of St. Stephen, in Craven County," (London, 1773), corner detail. Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708. |
 | Col-P18-a1
Map: The town and harbor of St. Augustine, and Fort Mose, Florida, 1762. Fort Mose was the first legally sanctioned community of freed slaves in what is now the United States. Detail. Library of Congress Geography & Map Division, Washington, DC 20540. |
 | Col-P18-c4
Enslaved Africans for sale, South Carolina. In 1769, the firm of David and John Deas advertised the sale in Charleston of 94 Africans from Sierra Leone. South Carolina Information Highway, SCIway.net, LLC, PO Box 13318, James Island, SC 29422. www.sciway.net/afam/slavery/flesh.html. Our thanks to SCIway. |
 | Col-P20-d2
"Sea Captains Carousing in Surinam," 1755, featuring various notable Rhode Islanders including Nicholas Cooke, Esek Hopkins, Stephen Hopkins, and Joseph Wanton (passed out, being doused with vomit and punch). John Greenwood, oil on ticking. Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, 1 Fine Arts Dr, St Louis, MO 63110. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The St. Louis Art Museum. |
 | Col-P22-e2
Renard (Fox), an Indian slave, c. 1732. Most of the 2000 Canadian slaves under the French were Indians from the west, who worked as domestic servants. Slavery in New France was quite small compared with British and French slavery in the rest of the New World. Rochefort, France.
Bibliothèque nationale de France, site François Mitterrand, quai François-Mauriac, 75706 Paris Cedex 13 FRANCE. |
 | Col-P24-b3
Charleston harbor, South Carolina, 1738. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museums of Colonial Williamsburg. |
 | Col-P04-c4
Portuguese slave hunters capture Africans, c. 1497. Location unknown. In "Pacific Voyages: The Encyclopedia of Discovery and Exploration," (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1973) p. 41. |
 | Col-P18-b4
Slave coffle in Africa: Men linked by forked logs, children and women attached by chains or ropes, and their African guards armed with guns: "Gang of Captives met at Mbame's on their way to Tette. The scene was witnessed in July, 1861." David and Charles Livingstone, "Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries; and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-64," (London, 1865, facing p. 356; reprinted in New York, 1866, facing p. 376). Copy in Special Collections Dept, University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400148, Charlottesville VA 22904. hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/.../small/C019.GIF. In Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite Jr., "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," www.slaveryimages.org, sponsored by the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and the University of Virginia Library. |
 | Col-P18-c1
Slave Brig: View of Cape Français, Haiti, "Third voyage from Angola, 1772, 1773." On this French slave ship, the Marie-Séraphique from Nantes, an iron fence kept the human cargo from the ship's quarter-deck. - Mariners' Museum. Unknown artist, watercolor, 18th c. Capitaine Gaugy, "La vue du Cap Français et du navire la Marie-Séraphique" in "Troisième Voyage d'Angole, 1772-73." Musée du Château des ducs de Bretagne (Museum of the Castle of the Dukes of Brittany), 4, place Marc Elder, 44 000 Nantes, FRANCE. |
 | Col-P03-a1
Map: Europe and North Africa, showing a king of Guinea at Timbuktu in Africa, 1557. Location unknown. Diego Hamen, Portuguese navigation manual, 1557, based partly on Catalan map of 1375. Original photo by Istituto Fotografico Editoriale Scala, Scala Firenze, Via Chiantigiana 62 / I, 50012 Bagno a Ripoli, Firenze, ITALY. |
 | Col-P06-c3
New Mexico mission punishments: Spanish friars order the torture of Native Americans to "encourage" their conversion to Christianity, mid-18th c. At top, Mexican Indians meekly present themselves for baptism; below, backsliders are punished for "crimes" such as disobedience, witchcraft, and licentiousness. Friar Pablo Beaumont, "Crónica de Mechoacan," 1792. New York Public Library, Manuscript Division, Fifth Ave & 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. |
 | Slavery_to_180021
Tobacco plantation, 1750: "The coastal and tidewater regions of the southern colonies were the first to be settled [in the south] and became the site of large plantations of tobacco or rice grown by slaves and sold in world markets."
Universal Magazine, London, 1750. Based on: "Tobacco Production, French West Indies, early 18th cent.," in Jean Baptiste Labat, "Nouveau voyage aux isles de l'Amérique," Paris, 1722, vol. 4, following p. 496. In Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite, Jr., "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," a project of The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113. Image Reference JCB_09862-1. |
 | Slavery_to_180014
Map: The Atlantic Ocean and main island groups. ASK Copyright © Alfred Crosby, "Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900," rev. ed., (Cambridge University Press, 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473) 2004, p. 12. All rights reserved. |
 | Slavery_to_180001
Badge for a Roman slave, pre-dating American slave tags by about 2000 years. It reads: "Seize me if I should try to escape and send me back to my master." St. Paul did so. Location unknown. In James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 2; original source not identified. |
 | Westward_Exp
Poster: "Caution!! Colored people of Boston," a warning against kidnappers and slave catchers, including police officers, 1851, in response to the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Boston Public Library, 700 Boylston St, Boston, MA 02116. |
 | Crisis_of_the_1850s02
"The Land of Liberty," a satirical British cartoon about slavery and the lack of liberty in the US, 1847. John Doyle drawing. Punch (London), 1847. At Forever Free Project, foreverfreeproject.org/ve1f.htm. |
 | Westward_Exp
Defender of slavery Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, c. 1850; photo print.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-76296. |
 | Slavery_to_180015
Slaves working on a sugar plantation, Pernambuco, Brazil; 17th c. map, vignette, engraving. Photographic print reproduction, 1900-50. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-101693. |
 | Slavery_to_180019
A slave auction in New Amsterdam (named New York by the British in 1664). New Amsterdam, a town on the tip of Manhattan Island within the Dutch colony of New Netherland, saw a sudden influx of African slave labor in 1655. Howard Pyle painting, 1895. "The Choicest Pieces of her Cargo were Sold at Auction," illustration from Thomas A. Janvier, "New York Slave Traders," Harper's Magazine, 1895 (litho). Original in private collection. |
 | Slavery_to_180044
"Diamond Washing, Minas Gerais, Brasil." A line of slaves wash diamonds under the eyes of white guards, 1812; engraving. John Mawe, "Travels in the Interior of Brazil...," (London, 1812). In Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite, Jr., "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," a project of The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113. http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery. |
 | Slavery_to_180026
An African sells slaves to a group of white men on the African coast, n.d. Original source not identified. In James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 52, fig. 19. |
 | Slavery_to_180035
"Africans Thrown Overboard from a Slave Ship, Brazil, 1832." Sick Africans were thrown overboard out of fear that other slaves would contract a deadly disease and lose the investment. The Liberator, Jan.7, 1832, vol. 11, p. 2. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-30833. |
 | Slavery_to_180042
Slaves boiling sugar to make molasses: "Interior of a Boiling House," Antigua, West Indies, 1833. William Clark, "Ten Views In the Island of Antigua," London, 1823. Copy by Infant School Society Depository, London, 1833. |
 | Slavery_to_180009
English map of West Africa, indicating "Guinea" and "Barbaria," and showing early European division of the Gold Coast. "A draught of the coast of Africa from the streights mouth to Cape Bona Esprance (c. 1702-07)." The New York Public Library, Digital Library Program, 188 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016. Image ID: 1640674. digital@nypl.org. |
 | Crisis_of_the_1850s10
Dred Scott. "In its 1857 decision that stunned the nation, the United States Supreme Court upheld slavery in United States territories, denied the legality of black citizenship in America, and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional. All of this was the result of an April 1846 action when Dred Scott innocently made his mark with an 'X,' signing his petition....to sue for freedom in the St. Louis Circuit Court. Desiring freedom...his case instead became the lightning rod for sectional bitterness and hostility that was only resolved by war." - Missouri Historical Society. Louis Schultze painting, commissioned by a "group of Negro citizens" and presented to the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, in 1882. State Historical Society of Missouri, 1020 Lowry St, Columbia, MO 65201. |
 | Slavery_to_180049
"Slaves for Sale: A Scene in New Orleans," 1861. An auctioneer holds African American slaves in a New Orleans slave pen before an auction. The men, formally dressed with top hats, and the women, presumably house servants, are all waiting to be sold. Illustrated London News, Jan-June, 1861, vol. 38, p. 307. And Harper's Weekly, 1863. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. In Charles H. Wesley, "International Library of Negro Life and History," (New York: Publishers Co., Inc., 1967), p. 217. |
 | Slavery_to_180020
Slaves hoeing: Forced labor of black and white workers, 18th c., handerchief, detail.
Location unknown. In R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 79. |
 | Slavery_to_180048
An African rice huller, a mortar and pestle used by African American slaves and later sharecroppers and tenant farmers in the American South; from Orangeburg, SC; pine, 19th c. ASK Copyright © South Carolina State Museum, 301 Gervais St, Columbia, SC 29201-3041. All rights reserved. In Edward D.C. Campbell Jr., and Kym S. Rice, eds., "Before Freedom Came: African-American Life in the Antebellum South," (University of Virginia Press, PO Box 400318, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4318) 1991, p. 53. |
 | Slavery_to_180002
Romans shopping for belts and pillows, and slaves attending their owners in a draper's shop, 2nd c., AD; bas-relief. Uffizi Gallery, Piazzale degli Uffizi 6, Florence 50122, ITALY. In Harold Whetstone Johnston, rev. by Mary Johnston, "The Private Life of the Romans," Chapter 11: Sources of Income and Means of Living. The Roman's Day, (Scott, Foresman and Co., 1903, 1932). At Forum romanum, http://www.forumromanum.org. Also, in James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 7; original source not identified. |
 | Slavery_to_180010
Elmina, a slave-trading fort, Gold Coast, West Africa, built by the Portuguese, 1481, and taken over by the Dutch in 1637. Late 19th c. drawing. Source unknown. The Print Collector/Heritage-Images, Encyclopedia Britannica, 331 N La Salle St, Chicago, IL 60610. Also in James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 28, fig. 8; original source not identified. |
 | Slavery_to_180043
Slaves driving oxen in Brazilian sugar mill, 1650(?) Source and location unknown. |
 | Slavery_to_180006
Torture: "Punishment of White Slaves" by Arabs, 1630s. "From the 8th to the 19th century hundreds of thousands of Europeans were enslaved by Arabs, Turks and West Africans." - John W. Blassingame. Pierre Dan, "Historie van Barbayen," (Amsterdam, 1634). In John W. Blassingame, "The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South," (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979) fig. 20. |
 | Slavery_to_180027
"Branding an Enslaved woman," n.d. Location unknown. "The Negro in Virginia," compiled by Workers of the Writers' Program of the Works Project Administration in the State of Virginia (New York: Hastings House Publishers, 1940) following p. 52. Copyright Hampton University, Hampton, VA 23668. |
 | Crisis_of_the_1850s12
Map: The Election of 1860. ASK Copyright © R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 506. All rights reserved. |
 | Slavery_to_180032
Enslaved Africans forced to "exercise" aboard a slave ship, 1837. Amédée Gréhan, ed., "La France Maritime," (Paris, 1837). |
 | Slavery_to_180052
Slaves' tools with African heads. d: The Papers of Benjamin Latrobe. e: Jean-Sébastien Laurenty, "Les Tambours à fente de l'Afrique Centrale (Tervuren, Belgium, 1968. Copyright © Royal Museum of Central Africa). f: Laurenty, "Les Tambours à fente de l'Afrique Centrale." In John W. Blassingame, "The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South," (Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016-4314) 1979, fig. 13. |
 | Westward_Exp
"Conquering Prejudice; or Fulfilling a Constitutional duty with alacrity," 1850, Philadelphia. "This satirical image likely responds to the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act and the vocal support of Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster for the new law. The title of this print borrows from the title of a speech by Webster that was published shortly before Kramer created his image. In the print, two men and their dogs chase an African woman carrying her child. In the background a country church and a court house stand witness to the chase." - SALEM in History: The Science and Art of Learning from Evidence and Materials in History. Peter Kramer lithograph, 1850.
Peabody Essex Museum, East India Square, Salem, MA 01970-3783. Carney Maley, Project Director, SALEM in History, Department of History, 352 Lafayette St, Salem, MA 01970. "SALEM in History (2004-2006) was funded by a three-year Teaching American History grant from the U.S. Department of Education. Program Partners: The Salem Public School District, Salem State College, The Peabody Essex Museum and The National Park Service." |
 | Slavery_to_180004
Landing of White Slaves - "From the 8th to the 19th century hundreds of thousands of Europeans were enslaved by Arabs, Turks and West Africans." - John W. Blassingame. National Maritime Museum, 8 Park Row, Greenwich, London, England SE10 9NG UNITED KINGDOM. In John W. Blassingame, "The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South," (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979) fig. 18. |
 | Crisis_of_the_1850s07
Enslaved women at work in the field under the lash of the overseer, 1840: "The cotton planters generally, never allow a slave mother time to go to the house, or quarter during the day to nurse her child; hence they have to carry them to the cotton fields and tie them in the shade of a tree, or in clusters of high weeds about in the fields, where they can go to them at noon, when they are allowed to stop work for one half hour. This is the reason why so very few slave children are raised on these cotton plantations, mothers have no time to take care of them--and they are often found dead in the field and in the quarter for want of the care of their mothers." Anti-slavery broadside. "Illustrations of the Anti-Slavery Almanac for 1840," (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1840). Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division (48), Washington, DC 20540. |
 | Slavery_to_180024
Slave coffle, bound for the coast, central Africa, 1861. David and Charles Livingstone, "Narrative of an Expedition to the Zambesi and its Tributaries; and of the Discovery of the Lakes Shirwa and Nyassa, 1858-64," (London: John Murray, 1865, facing p. 356; reprinted in New York, 1866, facing p. 376). |
 | Slavery_to_180023
Olaudah Equiano. Captured far inland from the African coast when he was a boy of 11, Equiano (1745-97) was sold into slavery, eventually bought his freedom, and became an influential abolitionist, explorer and writer. Olaudah Equiano, "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African. Written by Himself," (London, 1789). |
 | Slavery_to_180025
Arab slavers drive Africans in slave coffles to the coast for transport, Sudan, 19th century. The African diaspora. Artist and location unknown. In James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 45, fig. 15; original source not identified. |
 | Slavery_to_180031
Plan of a slave ship's lower deck, with enslaved Africans lying down, 1797, Philadelphia. A plan for "packing the cargo." Matthew Carey, ink on paper, engraving. Courtesy of The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, PO Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Our thanks to Colonial Williamsburg. |
 | Towards_Revolution19
Tobacco wharf: A slave rolls a hogshead of tobacco toward a ship while another brings a glass of wine to the masters, New England, 18th c. Illustration on Albert & Lotter map, "A new and correct map of North America with the West India Islands: divided according to the last Treaty of Peace, conc..." 1784. Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection of English maps, charts, globes, books and atlases, Humanities and Social Sciences Library, The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, Digital Library Program, The New York Public Library, 188 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016. Catalog Call Number: Map Div. 01-5310. Digital ID: 434906. |
 | Slavery_to_180005
"Punishment of White Slaves," 1630s; by Turks? Pierre Dan, "Historie van Barbayen," (Amsterdam, 1634). In John W. Blassingame, "The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South," (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979) fig. 20. |
 | Crisis_of_the_1850s03
Pro-slavery mob destroying Elijah Lovejoy's press, Alton, IL, 1837. The mob shot and killed Lovejoy, age 35, because of his abolitionist views. "The people of the free states have attacked 'the tyrant's foe, and the people's friend,' - Oct. 1835, at Utica, July 1836, at Cincinnati, O., Aug. 1837 at Alton, Ill. and finally shot E. P. Lovejoy, because he would not basely surrender 'THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS, THE PALLADIUM OF ALL OUR LIBERTIES.'" "A Printing Press Demolished at Slavery's Bidding," illustration for p. 11, "The American Anti-Slavery Almanac for 1839," (New York: Published for the American Anti-Slavery Society, Vol. I, No. 4). Courtesy of The John Hay Library, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912. |
 | Slavery_to_180029
Canoe for Transporting Slaves, Sierra Leone, 1840s. The Illustrated London News, April 14, 1849, vol. 14, p. 237. In Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite, Jr., "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," a project of The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library. Copyright 2006, Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904. All rights reserved. http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery. |
 | Slavery_to_180018
Slave Trading on the African Coast, 19th c., "Inspection and Sale of a Negro," 1854. An African man is inspected for sale into slavery while a white man talks with African slave traders. Engraving. Brantz Mayer, "Captain Canot; or, Twenty years an African slaver," (New York, 1854) facing p. 94. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-15392. |
 | Slavery_to_180038
Slaves clearing forest on a hillside in Brazil. National Gallery of Canada, 380 Sussex Dr, Box 427, Station A, Ottawa, ON K1N 9N4 CANADA. In James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 64, fig. 28. |
 | Transformations_and_Revolutions22
"Ginning Cotton, U.S. South, 1850s." Enslaved men and women at work at the gin, before the Civil War. Harper's New Monthly Magazine, vol. 8, 1853-54, p. 459. |
 | Slavery_to_180030
Loading enslaved Africans aboard slave ship, 1855. Henry Howe, "Life and Death on the Ocean: A Collection of Extraordinary Adventures in the Form of Personal Narratives," (Cincinnati, 1856) facing p. 537. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-15386. |
 | From_Revolution_to_Constitution22
"Slave Auction, U.S. South, mid-19th c.," white men buying African American slaves. "An enslaved mother and her daughter on the auction block; another enslaved mother with infant waiting to be sold; white onlookers and white auctioneer." - Edmund Ollier. Edmund Ollier, "Cassell's History of the United States," vol. 3, (London, 1874-77) p. 199. |
 | Slavery_to_180041
A windmill crushes sugar cane while enslaved Blacks work under overseer with whip, 1823, Caribbean.
William Clark, "Ten Views in the Island of Antigua," (London: Thomas Clay) 1823. |
 | Slavery_to_180034
Slave resistance: "Insurrection on board a slave ship, showing how the crew fire upon the unhappy slaves from behind the barricado, erected on board all slave ships as a security...", 1787; engraving. William Fox, "Brief History of the Wesleyan Missions on The West Coast of Africa," 1851. Library Company of Philadelphia, 1314 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107. |
 | Slavery_to_180017
An enslaved man with machete and hoe in sugar cane field: "Plantation Field Slave, Trinidad, c.1830s." Richard Bridgens, "West India Scenery...from sketches taken during a voyage to, and residence of seven years in ... Trinidad," (London, 1836) plate 14. At www.slaveryimages.org, sponsored by the Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and the University of Virginia Library. Image Reference BRIDG-2_IMG. |
 | Slavery_to_180039
Enslaved Africans preparing the ground for sugar cane, 1823, Antigua, West Indies. William Clark painting, "Holeing a Cane Piece," detail. William Clark, "Ten Views in the Island of Antigua," 1823. St. Croix Landmarks Society Library & Archives, 52 Estate Whim Frederiksted, St. Croix, VI 00840. |
 | Slavery_to_180040
"Slaves cutting the sugar cane," 1823, Antigua, West Indies, detail.
William Clark, "Ten Views in the Island of Antigua," 1823. St. Croix Landmarks Society Library & Archives, 52 Estate Whim, Frederiksted, St. Croix, VI 00840. |
 | Slavery_to_180013
"Cape Coast Castle, on ye Gold Coast of Guinea," a large British slave trading post, showing a central courtyard and surrounding walls, guns pointing to sea, and African town at right, c. 1682. Henry Greenhill engraving, 1682. In James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211) 1983, p. 30. |
 | Jeffersons_Republic09
John C. Calhoun, 1855-65. Mathew Brady Studio photo. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-DIG-cwpbh-02606. |
 | Jacksons_America26
John C. Calhoun as a young man, c. 1825(?). Copy of William J. Hubard painting. Original painting Copyright © Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. All rights reserved. |
 | Slavery_to_180033
The Africans of the slave bark "Wildfire" brought into Key West, FL, April 30, 1860; racist image; wood engraving.
Engraved from daguerreotype. Harper's Weekly, June 2, 1860, vol. 4, p. 344. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-41678. |
 | Slavery_to_180022
"Europeans Arriving on African Coast," 18th c., idealized view of bartering slaves between Europeans and Africans, detail. Engraving. Louis Freret, "Arrivée des Européens en Afrique," (Paris, 1795). In James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 42, fig. 13. |
 | Slavery_to_180008
"Ransom of White Slaves," Christian slaves in an Arab country; published 1845. Louis A. Berbrugger, "Algérie historique, pittoresque et monumentale," (Paris: 1843-45). In John W. Blassingame, "The Slave Community: Plantation Life in the Antebellum South," (Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016-4314) 1979, fig. 21. |
 | Slavery_to_180047
Rice Harvesting, U.S. South, 1859. "Men and women in a rice field; man in foreground with sickle in his hand. 'With the sickle in hand--the only instrument in use--the beautiful grain falls, and is laid in handfuls upon the stubble to dry. The reaper usually...takes a sweep of three rows at a time, cutting down to within a foot of the ground." - T. Addison Richards. Harper's Monthly Magazine, 1859, vol. 19, p. 729. Accompanies article by T. Addison Richards, "The Rice Lands of the South," pp. 721-38. In Jerome S. Handler and Michael L. Tuite, Jr., "The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record," a project of The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library, PO Box 400113, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4113. Image available at: http://hitchcock.itc.virginia.edu/Slavery. |
 | Slavery_to_180051
Drums: "Slave musical instruments and African prototypes."
a: The Papers of Benjamin Latrobe, Maryland Historical Society. b: Curt Sachs, "Les Instruments de musique de Madagascar," (Paris, 1938. Copyright © Institut Ethnologie, Univ. of Paris). c: Bernard Ankerman, "Die afrikanischen Musikinstrumente," (Berlin, 1901). In John W. Blassingame, "The Slave Community: Life in the Antebellum South," (Oxford University Press, 198 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016) 1979, fig. 13. |
 | Slavery_to_180011
A European slave fort in West Africa, 18th c. engraving. Source unknown. In James Walvin, "Slavery and the Slave Trade," (Univ. Press of Mississippi, 3825 Ridgewood Rd, Jackson, MS 39211-6492) 1983, p. 29, fig. 9. |
 | Indian slave trade on Charles Town, SC, waterfront. "Two wealthy traders watch the loading of a merchantman with deerskins and barrels of pitch bound for England. Incoming vessels bring tools, woolens, and other manufactured goods to the thriving colony. Under armed guard, manacled Stono Indian captives await transportation to a life of slavery on sugarcane plantations in the West Indies." - Tee Loftin Snell.
ASK Copyright © Louis S. Glanzman painting, in Tee Loftin Snell, "The Wild Shores: America's Beginnings," National Geographic, (National Geographic Society, 1145 17th St, NW, Washington, DC 20036-4688) 1974, pp. 152-3. All rights reserved. |
 | Free African American Sergeant in Spanish military service, Puerto Rico, 17th c. His unit was similar to that at Fort Mose, FL, 1740.
Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida Cultural Plaza, SW 34th St & Hull Rd, PO Box 112710, Gainesville, FL 32611-2710. |
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