 | Ralph E.W. Earl, "Ephraim Hubbard Foster Family," c. 1825; child-centered; oil on mattress ticking; a Tennessee politician This image must not be published. Courtesy of The Cheekwood Botanical Garden and Museum of Art, 1200 Forrest Park Dr, Nashville, TN 37205. Gift of Mrs. Josephus Daniels 1969.2. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | "General Andrew Jackson, The Hero of New Orleans," c. 1850, hand-colored lithograph; 12.5 x 9.5 in. / 31.8 x 24.1 cm. (James Baillie?) Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 5th Avenue, New York, NY 10029. www.mcny.org. Our thanks to the Museum. |
 | Thomas Crawford, "The Dying Chief Contemplating the Progress of Civilization," 1856, marble, 60 x 55 1/2 x 28 in. The Senate Pediment of the United States Capitol, East Front. The Architect of the Capitol, 2nd & D Sts, SW, Washington, DC 20515 |
 | George Catlin, "Peh-to-pe-kiss, Eagle's Ribs, a Piegan Chief (with Eight Scalps from Trappers and Traders)," 1832, oil on canvas, 29 x 24 in. (73.7 x 60.9 cm)
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.152. www.si.edu. |
 | George Catlin, "Stu-mick-o-súcks, Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe," 1832, oil on canvas, 29 x 24 in. (73.7 x 60.9 cm)
Copyright Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.149. www.si.edu. All rights reserved. |
 | George Catlin, "Boy Chief, Ojibbeway," 1843, oil on canvas, 71 x 58.3 cm (28 x 23 in.)
Copyright National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr, Landover, MD 20785. Paul Mellon Collection. 1965.16.349. All rights reserved. www.nga.gov |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "The Concealed Enemy," 1845, oil on canvas, 29 ¼ x 36 ½ in. Copyright Stark Museum of Art, 712 Green Ave, Orange, TX 77630. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Stark Museum of Art. |
 | Hiram Powers, "President Andrew Jackson," 1835, marble; 34 3/4 x 23 1/2 x 15 1/2 in. (88.3 x 59.7 x 39.4 cm) Copyright holder unknown. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Gift of Mrs. Frances V. Nash, 1894 (94.14). |
 | John Vanderlyn, "President Zachary Taylor," 1850, oil on canvas, 30 x 25-1/4 in. In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St, NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 77.8. Museum Purchase, Gallery Fund. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran. |
 | George Inness, "Hackensack Meadows, Sunset," 1859, oil on canvas, 18 ?. x 26 in. The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. On permanent loan from The New York Public Library, Stuart Collection 22, Collection of The New-York Historical Society. http://www.nyhistory.org |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "Study for The Stump Orator," 1847 Courtesy of The St. Louis Mercantile Library, Thomas Jefferson Library Bldg, One University Blvd, St. Louis, MO 63121-4400. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Library. |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "The Verdict of the People" (2), after 1855 Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, 1 Fine Arts Dr, St. Louis, MO 63110. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | The ghost of Jackson's bank policy comes back to haunt Van Buren and destroy commerce. Cartoon. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-19198. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, pp. 250-1. 8.8.1 |
 | "A foot race." John Quincy Adams, William Crawford, and Andrew Jackson race toward the finish of the 1824 presidential election. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-89572. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 229. 8.8.1 |
 | The second Bank of the United States, Philadelphia, 1820s. Nicholas Biddle, its president, controlled the commercial activities of the U.S. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 228. 8.8.1 |
 | "The Battle of New Orleans," painting, 1815-20. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-62. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, pp. 214-5. 8.8.1 |
 | The national Republican ticket of 1828. "Ambitious John Calhoun" took second place to Andrew Jackson. The Hermitage, 4580 Rachel’s Lane, Nashville, TN 37076. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 204. 8.8.1 |
 | A ball given for Andrew Jackson in 1824 honoring the anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans. Drawing. Location unknown. 8.8.1 |
 | The Second Bank of the U.S., Philadelphia, 1820s. Detail of NP-B-17. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 1300 Locust St., Philadelphia, PA 19107. In American Heritage, VII, 4, June 1956, p. 9. 8.8.1 |
 | Andrew Jackson, 1830s. Drawing. Culver Pictures, Inc., 150 West 22nd St., Ste. 300, New York, NY 10011. In American Heritage, VII, 4, June 1956, p. 8. 8.8.1 |
 | Andrew Jackson, before 1845. Photographic portrait. Courtesy of The George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography, 900 East Ave., Rochester, NY 14607. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. In Beaumont Newhall, Daguerreotype in America, 1961. 8.8.1 |
 | Emblem of the Philadelphia House of Refuge. Used on membership certificates and public broadsides, this image captures the faith that Americans in the Jacksonian period held in the ability of institutions to transform deviants into respectable citizens. The New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. In David J. Rothman, Discovery of the Asylum, 1971, p. 211. 8.1.4, 8.8.1 |
 | Transformations_and_Revolutions27
Andrew Jackson election ticket of 1828, with picture of hickory tree: "Firm united let us be, Rallying round our Hickory tree." Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ61-1453. |
 | Jacksons_America24
Map: "The Election of 1828," showing Andrew Jackson's victory over John Quincy Adams. ASK Copyright © R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 359. All rights reserved. |
 | Jacksons_America18
"Some account of some of the bloody deeds of General Jackson," 1828, handbill, woodcut. One of the well-known "coffin handbills" originated by Republican editor John Binns in his campaign against presidential candidate Andrew Jackson. The six coffins across the top represent six militiamen executed under Jackson's orders during the Creek War in 1813. Other coffins represent soldiers and Indians allegedly condemned and executed by Jackson. The broadside's text is a catalog of these and similar atrocities attributed to the candidate. A woodcut scene at lower right portrays Jackson assaulting and stabbing Samuel Jackson "in the streets of Nashville." Another version of the handbill, reproduced by Lorant, has the same text but substitutes a reversed copy of the cut at lower right.
New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Roger Butterfield, "The American Past: A History of the United States," (Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020) 1947, p. 79. Similar image in Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-43901. |
 | Jacksons_America23
John Quincy Adams, 1825-30. Gilbert Stuart and Thomas Sully, oil on canvas. Harvard University Portrait Collection, Harvard University Memorial Hall, Harvard University Art Museums, 32 Quincy St, Cambridge, MA 02138. |
 | Jacksons_America28
"Bank of the United States, in Third Street, Philadelphia," 1800. Engraving. (Philadelphia: Wm. Birch & Son, 1800). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-556. |
 | Transformations_and_Revolutions28
"King Andrew the First," 1833, a caricature of Andrew Jackson as a despotic king, probably issued during the fall of 1833 in response to the President's September order to remove federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. Print, lithograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-12983. |
 | Jacksons_America34
John Ross, a Cherokee, elected principal chief in every Cherokee election, 1828-60. Lithograph, c. 1843. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-3156. |
 | Jacksons_America19
The United States Bank, Philadelphia. W.H. Bartlett engraving, 1839-40. W.H. Bartlett, "From American Scenery," (London, 1839-40). The Philadelphia Print Shop, 8441 Germantown Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19118. |
 | Jacksons_America12
"Maj. George Lowrey, Jr., also known as Rising Fawn, Agin'-agi'li (1770-1852), Assistant Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation and member of the Executive Council. He was a courier, banker, soldier, translator, law enforcement officer, planter, breeder, and political leader. He wears a turban, saltire sash [X-shape], and medal he received from the President of the United States. He holds a wampum belt symbolic of his high office in tribal government, and has silver nose and ear ornaments of a Sephardic Jewish design, probably workshop of Francis. His father came from Scotland and his mother was the daughter and granddaughter of Echota Cherokee chiefs. Attributed to George Catlin," detail, n.d. - Gilcrease Museum. 1830s? Original painting Copyright © Gilcrease Museum, 1400 Gilcrease Museum Rd, Tulsa, OK 74127. All rights reserved. |
 | Jacksons_America27
Andrew Jackson pulling away a supporter of John C. Calhoun's drive for "despotism," both having already "committed treason" against the Constitution. Cartoon, 1832(?). New York Public Library, Fifth Ave & 42nd St, New York, NY 10018. |
 | Jacksons_America11
Andrew Jackson, 1831. Edward W. Clay, pencil sketch. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Victor Building–Suite 4100 MRC 973, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of J. William Middendorf II. NPG.79.57. |
 | Jacksons_America08
Map: The Cherokee Nation, about 1825, between the Tennessee and Chattahoochee Rivers, showing the borders of current states. ASK Copyright © R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 298. All rights reserved. |
 | Jacksons_America33
Andrew Jackson during his presidency. Woodcut. New York Public Library Digital Gallery, Digital Library Program, 188 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016. Digital Image ID: 1511000. digital@nypl.org. |
 | Jacksons_America17
Cartoon: Andrew Jackson hangs a political opponent from a tree limb, 1828. "In 1828, an editorial cartoonist recalling Andrew Jackson's execution of Seminole Indian sympathizers in his militia days, showed Old Hickory hoisting a man in a noose and declared: 'Jackson is to be President and you will be HANGED.'" Location of cartoon unknown. Quotation from Todd S. Purdom, New York Times, Oct. 31, 2004. |
 | Jacksons_America25
Andrew Jackson campaign handbill, "Jackson Forever! The Hero of Two Wars and of Orleans! The Man of the People!..." and cameo of Jackson. "This poster from the 1828 election sums up the case for Jackson as the incorruptible people's candidate for president." - David Edwin Harrell, Jr. Location unknown. In David Edwin Harrell, Jr., et al., "Andrew Jackson and the Second Party System, 1824-44," Ch. 12, "Unto a Good Land, A History of the American People," (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2140 Oak Industrial Dr NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49505) 2005, p. 379. |
 | Jacksons_America30
"The doctors puzzled; or the desperate case of Mother U.S. Bank," 1833, a satire directed against the United States Bank, showing the impact of Jackson's order for the withdrawal of federal funds from the Bank and their distribution among state banks. Clay, Webster and Calhoun debate its merits while Nicholas Biddle holds the head of the fat bank, which is vomiting coins, and Andrew Jackson looks in the window. Anthony Imbert cartoon. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-13207. |
 | Jacksons_America03
"Sequoyah" (1770?-1843), c. 1830. A Native American statesman, he also invented the written Cherokee alphabet and increased the literacy of the Cherokee Nation. Henry Inman, oil on canvas, detail. National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, Victor Building–Suite 4100 MRC 973, Washington, DC 20013-7012. NPG.79.174. |
 | Transformations_and_Revolutions04
The first passenger rail car, Baltimore & Ohio, 1830. Reconstruction by Heinmiller. In Malcolm Kier, "The March of Commerce," in R.H. Gabriel, ed., "The Pageant of America: A Pictorial History of the United States," (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927) vol. 4, p. 103, fig. 245. |
 | Jacksons_America31
Cartoon, "Downfall of Mother Bank," depicting Pres. Andrew Jackson holding up an "Order of the Removal of the Public Money" during the fight over the Bank of the United States, 1833. E.W. Clay lithograph. American Antiquarian Society, 185 Salisbury St, Worcester, MA 01609-1634. |
 | Jacksons_America29
Cartoon,"General Jackson Slaying the Many Headed Monster," 1836. "A satire on Andrew Jackson's campaign to destroy the Bank of the United States and its support among state banks. Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and Jack Downing struggle against a snake with heads representing the states." - Library of Congress. Lithograph. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-1575. |
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