The History Project - University of California, Davis

Image Collection / 8.00 / 8.8 / 2.00

	Early Explorers of Chaco, Chaco Culture National Historical Park, Nageezi, NM Copyright holder unknown
	View of Ruins from Betatakin Overlook, Navajo National Monument, Tonalea, AZ Copyright Bob Bradshaw, Sr., c/o John Bradshaw, 252 N. Hwy. 89-A, Sedona, AZ 86336. All rights reserved. In Bob Bradshaw, "Land of the Navajo: Monument Valley and Canyon de Chelly," 1965
	Great Serpent Mound, OH, 1300 feet long, in winter Copyright holder unknown. Ohio Historical Society, Ohio Historical Center, 1982 Velma Ave, Columbus, OH 43211.
	John White, "The marks of sundry of the chief men of Virginia," 1585 Thomas Hariot, John White, and Richard Hakluyt, "A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia," 1585. OR: Theodore de Bry (probably after John White), Engraving from book page, Plate 13 from "America, Part 1" (1st ed., Frankfurt, 1590–1607). The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London SE10 9NF, UK
	John White/Theodor de Bry, "A weroan or great lord of Virginia," 1590, engraving by De Bry based on watercolor by White The John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912.
	John White/Theodor de Bry, "The manner of making their boats," 1590, engraving by De Bry in "A brief and true report of Virginia" The John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
	John White/Theodor de Bry, "An aged man in his winter garment," 1590, engraving by De Bry based on watercolor by White The John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
	Theodor De Bry after John White, "Their sitting at meate," 1590, engraving by De Bry based on watercolor by White; a coastal Carolina man and woman eat boiled corn, fish, and shellfish. The John Carter Brown Library, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
	Theodor de Bry, "King Jeppipo Wasu," epidemic death, 1593, engraving; full title: "Jeppipo Wasu, the king of the tribe and many of his kin become very ill." 7.11.2 Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. Illus. in: Theodor de Bry, "America," part 3, Frankfurt, 1593, p. 39. LC-USZ62-45093
	Theodor de Bry, "Crocodilos Conficiendi Ratio," 1591, engraving by Theodor de Bry after watercolor by Jacques Le Moyne "Brevis narratio," 1591. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Washington, DC 20540. Illus. in: LC-USZ62-373
	Theodor de Bry, African slaves working in mine, 16th century The National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London SE10 9NF, UK 7.11.3
	Thighbone, tusk and grinder of American Incognitum Columbian Magazine, 1786
	Plains Indian hunting shirt worn by William Clark on his expedition, Peale Museum, c. 1805 Copyright holder unknown. In Charles Coleman Sellers, "Mr. Peale's Museum: Charles Willson Peale and the First Popular Museum of Natural Science and Art," (New York: W. W. Norton & Co, Inc., 500 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10110, 1980) p. 35
	Wheel (?), sawmill (?), Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo
	Log cabin, 1851, the second stage of farm development in sequence of four; see also Slides 1591, 2458 and 2459 Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu
	Richard Caton Woodville, "Waiting for the Stage," 1851, oil on canvas, 15 x 18-1/2" In the Collection of the Corcoran Gallery of Art, 500 - 17th St NW, Washington, DC 20006. Accession Number 60.33. Museum Purchase, Gallery Fund, William A. Clark Fund, and through the gifts of Mrs. and Mrs. Lansdell K. Christie and Orme Wilson. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Corcoran.
	Valentine Walter Bromley, "Crow Indian Burial," 1876, oil on canvas, 42 x 70 in. / 106.7 x 177.8 cm. Copyright holder unknown. Sold 1988.
	Cigar store figure, Indian woman, with cape and snuff box, probably New York City, late 19th century Karen Halttunen photo. Shelburne Museum, PO Box 10, Shelburne, VT 05482.
	Unidentified artist, "Weather Vane: Indian on Horseback," probably Maine, possibly area of Wells, Maine, 1850-80, gilded wood and sheet iron; overall: 27 3/8 x 39 x 1 3/4 in. Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. Gift of Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. 1933.700.1. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum.
	George Catlin, "See-non-ty-a (The Feet Blisterer), Iowa Medicine Man," 1844-5, oil on canvas, 71 x 58 cm (28 x 22 7/8 in.) National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr, Landover, MD 20785. Paul Mellon Collection 1965.16.346. www.nga.gov
	William Fisk, "George Catlin," 1849, oil on canvas; frame: 158.8 x 133.4 x 7cm (62 1/2 x 52 1/2 x 2 3/4") National Portrait Gallery, Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Victor Building–Suite 4100 MRC 973, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.npg.si.edu. Transfer from the Smithsonian American Art Museum; gift of Miss May C. Kinney, Ernest C. Kinney and Bradford Wickes, 1945. Ref. NPG.70.14
	Victor Nehlig, "Pocahontas and John Smith," 1870 Copyright Museum of Art, Brigham Young University, North Campus Dr, Provo, UT 84602-1400. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the BYU Museum of Art.
	George Catlin, "Comanche Meeting the Dragoons," 1834-35, oil on canvas, 24 x 29 in. (60.9 x 73.7 cm) Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.488. www.si.edu.
	Otto Sommer, "Westward Ho!," 1867-68, oil on canvas, 44 x 74 1/2 in. Copyright holder unknown. (Spanierman Gallery, New York?) In William H. Truettner, ed., "The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920," National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1991, p. 125
	Andrew Melrose, "Westward the Star of Empire Takes Its Way, near Council Bluffs, IA," 1867 Copyright holder unknown. Collection of E. William Judson.
	"A [Southern] refugee family leaving a war area with belongings loaded on a cart." US National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC 20408. ARC Identifier: 200-CC-306
	Frederick Remington? Location unknown
	Frederic Remington (?), Model Posed on a Saddle Display, before 1900 Copyright holder unknown. Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. www.si.edu. In William H. Truettner, "The West as America: Reinterpreting Images of the Frontier, 1820-1920," National Museum of American Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, 1991, p. 321
	A William Henry Harrison campaign poster, 1840. William Henry Harrison Home, 3 W. Scott St., Vincennes, IN 47591. In Eds. of American Heritage, An American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the U.S., I, 1968, p. 266. 8.8.2
	"The Land of Liberty," Andrew Jackson with foot on bust of George Washington, a prototype of America bemused by the political issues of the day. Cartoon, 1847. Punch (London), Dec. 4, 1847. In Francis Russell and the Eds. of American Heritage, The American Heritage History of the Making of the Nation, 1783-1860, 1968, p. 256. 8.8.2
	A campaign handkerchief from the William H. Harrison campaign, 1840, showing a picture of a log cabin. "Wm. H. Harrison, the Ohio farmer. Aristocratic Virginia family, large Ohio landowner." The New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In American Heritage, VII, 4, June 1956, p. 27. 8.8.2
	A broadside attacking the Whig supporters of William Henry Harrison in the presidential campaign of 1840. "Authentic view of the Bar Room, in the Log Cabin, Broadway, New York…" Politics is now a popular diversion. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to The Museum. In John A. Kouwenhoven, Columbia Historical Portrait of New York, 1953, p. 155. 8.8.2
	The log-cabin image. "General Harrison's Log Cabin March…a Quick Step," 1840. A drawing of cabin and flag, both with music written on them. Taken up on the slender justification that he lived in a mansion called "The Log Cabin." Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-4551. In Daniel Boorstin, ed., American Civilization, 1972, p. 86. 8.8.2
	George Catlin, "Bull Dance of the Mandans," 1832. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In American Heritage, VII, 6, Oct. 1956, p. 17. 8.8.2
	Karl Bodmer, Mandan Bull Society dance, showing Indians with masks and shields. Plate 16. Yale University Library, 130 Wall St., P.O. Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520-8240. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, pp. 460-1. 8.8.2
	George Catlin, "Ba-da-ah-chon-du (He Who Outjumps All), a Crow Chief on Horseback." 1863. Detail of IA-A-6. George Catlin, "Album Unique," 1863. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 150. 8.8.2
	George Catlin, "Ba-da-ah-chon-du (He Who Outjumps All), a Crow Chief on Horseback," 1863. George Catlin, "Album Unique," 1863. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 450. 8.8.2
	H.G. Hines, buffalo hunt by Indians, 1847. Copyright holder unknown. The Royal Ontario Museum, University of Toronto, 100 Queen's Park, Toronto, Ont., CANADA M5S 2C6. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 456. 8.8.2
	Karl Bodmer, Mandan Bull Society dance, detail showing Indians with masks and shields. See also IA-A-9. Yale University Library, 130 Wall St., P.O. Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520-8240. In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 461. 8.8.2
	Karl Bodmer, Mato-Tope, 1839 In John A. Garraty, American Nation, 1966, p. 449. 8.8.2
	George Catlin portrait, "Stu-Mick-O-Sucks, Buffalo's Back Fat, Head Chief of the Blackfeet," 1832. This portrait shows Catlin's success in achieving rapport with his subjects. Although Catlin romanticized them, he had real respect for Indians and their ways of life: "honest without laws, no jails, no poorhouses; worship God without a Bible, don't live for love of money...and oh! how I love a people who don't live for the love of money." Catlin painted Plains Indians from life between 1830 and 1836. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the American People, 1970, p. 351. 8.8.2
	Unknown artist, "Indian Lament," c. 1850. Location and copyright holder unknown. Edgar W. and Bernice C. Garbisch Collection. In 101 Masterpieces of American Primitive Painting, 1962, Plate #74. 8.8.2
	George Catlin, Mato-Tope (Four Bears), chief of the Mandans, 1832. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In American Heritage, VIII, 6, Oct. 1956, p. 12. 8.8.2
	Maungwudaus, chief of the Ojibway tribe of Pennsylvania, 1850. Photographic portrait. Copyright holder unknown. In Beaumont Newhall, Daguerreotype in America, 1961, Plate #37. 8.8.2
	George Catlin, Ba-da-ah-chon-du (He Who Outjumps All), a Crow Chief on Horseback, 1863. George Catlin's "Album Unique" (1863). In American Heritage, XV, 2, Feb. 1964, p. 16. 8.8.2
	George Catlin portrait, Head Chief of the Blackfeet, 1832. "Stu-mick-o-súcks, Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe." Blackfoot/Kainai. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1970, p. 473. 8.8.2
	George Catlin portrait, One Horn, the First Chief of the Lakota Sioux, 1832. "Ha-wón-je-tah, One Horn, Head Chief of the Miniconjou Tribe." Western Sioux/Lakota. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1970, p. 472. 8.8.2
	George Catlin portrait, Indian mother with baby. "Chée-ah-ká-tchée, wife of Nót-to-way." 1835–36. Iroquois/Haudensaunee. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1970, p. 472. 8.8.2
	Five George Catlin portraits of Indians. Clockwise from upper left: Shé-de-ah, Wild Sage, a Wichita Woman, 1834. I-o-wáy, One of Black Hawk's Principal Warriors, 1832. Ha-wón-je-tah, One Horn, Head Chief of the Miniconjou Tribe, 1832. Os-ce-o-lá, The Black Drink, a Warrior of Great Distinction, 1838. Indian mother with baby, Chée-ah-ká-tchée, wife of Nót-to-way, 1835–36. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In Norman A. Graebner, A History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1970, p. 472. 8.8.2
	George Catlin, "Wi-jún-jon, Pigeon's Egg Head (The Light) Going To and Returning From Washington, Assiniboine/Nakoda," 1837-1839. An Indian chief before and after his visit to Washington, D.C. Currier & Ives. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, DC. The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In American Heritage, VII, 2, Feb. 1956, p. 2. 8.8.2
	The 1893 Columbian Exposition - "Two representatives of the Sioux Nation…grand encampment and confraternity of blanket Indians, where the tents of Sioux, Pawnees, Blackfeet and Cheyennes were separated by nothing but cloth and tent-pins, an association never seen upon the plains, where deadly hatred is characteristic of the tribes, and an exchange of flying arrows the only intercourse...largest representations from Sioux nation, whose valor and numbers wrought Custer's annihilation in 1876. Our illustration is one of two Sioux men, whose style of dress shows the result of contact with civilization. In earlier years their raiment was principally a breech-clout and blanket, but progress has effected changes, which, though gradual, will in a few years more eliminate every appearance of savagery in the dress and customs of the plains Indians. With schools and experimental farms they are approaching citizenship, though slowly." And unhappily. Copyright holder unknown. In James W. Buel, The Magic City, 1894. 8.8.2, 8.12.2, 11.2.3
	"The Treaty of Greenville between the U.S. and Western Indians," painting, 1795. The Chicago Historical Society, Clark Street at North Ave., Chicago, IL 60614-6071. In Oscar Handlin, The History of the U.S., Vol. I, 1967, p. 329. 8.8.2
	Vandalia, the Illinois capital until 1839. Lake County Discovery Museum, 27277 N Forest Preserve Rd, Wauconda, IL 60084. Curt Teich Postcard Archives. In Eds. of American Heritage, "The American Heritage Pictorial History of the Presidents of the United States," Vol. 1, 1968, p. 385. 8.8.2
	"American Progress," lithograph after John Gast, 1872. Columbia leads the westward movement, as Native Americans and animals flee in terror. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-668. In Daniel Boorstin, ed., "American Civilization," 1972, p. 16; and in Wilcomb Washburn, ed., "The Indian and the White Man," 1964, Plate 9 and pp. 128-30. 8.8.2, 11.1.4
	Thomas Crawford, "The Progress of Civilization," the pediment of the United States Senate Building, authorized in 1853 and installed in 1863. The theme of the group is the advancement of the white race and the decline of the Indian. In center, America, a majestic goddess, extends her left hand toward the pioneer, for whom she asks the protection of the Almighty. With her right hand she holds laurel and oak wreaths, rewards of civil and military merit, toward a soldier, merchant, youth, schoolmaster, pupil and mechanic. Beyond the pioneer, who is represented as felling a tree, the decline of the Indian is symbolized by figures of a hunter, Indian brave, Indian mother and child, and Indian grave. The grave serves to balance the anchor and sheaf of wheat, symbolic of hope and fertility, in the other corner of the pediment. The Architect of the Capitol, Hon. Alan M. Hartman, US Capitol, Washington, DC 20515. In Wilcomb Washburn, ed., "The Indian and the White Man," 1964, Plate 31 and p. 450. Our thanks to Alan M. Hartman. 8.8.2, 11.2.7
	Emmanuel Leutze, "Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way," 1861. See also AD-0-31. The Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012. 8.8.2
	Frederic Church, "Twilight in the Wilderness," "Manifest Destiny in Paint," 1860. Detail of UR-L-24. The Cleveland Museum of Art, 11150 East Blvd, Cleveland, OH 44106. In Time, Jan. 23, 1984, p. 64. 8.8.2
	Thomas Cole, "The Picnic," 1846. Collection of The Brooklyn Museum, 200 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, NY 11238-6052. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. In Howard S. Merritt, "Introduction, Thomas Cole," 1969, p. 57. 8.8.2
	Asher B. Durand, "Kindred Spirits," 1849. Thomas Cole and William Cullen Bryant expressed a kindred art, philosophy, and view of nature (and American nature). Note the dress of the individuals: they are not farmers or frontiersmen, but city men, city gentlemen out communing briefly with nature. Walton Family Foundation. On loan to National Gallery of Art, 2000B South Club Dr., Landover, MD 20785. 8.8.2
	"The Presidents of the United States," lithograph, 1850. The U.S. is depicted as a model Roman Republic, even in the 19th century. The Senate of the U.S. is an example, as are the classical columns on government buildings, and the columns in this lithograph, one topped by Liberty and the other by Justice. This type of lithograph was highly popular in the 1850s, with nothing like it today: probably no one has put a picture of our last twelve presidents on their wall, not even in schoolroom corners. The pictures look the way that artists thought presidents should look, solemn and thoughtful. Kellogg and Comstock. Harry T. Peters Lithography Collection, The Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In Carl Bode, "Midcentury America," 1972, p. 19. 8.8.2
	Transformations_and_Revolutions30 William Henry Harrison was buried in 1841 on his plantation in North Bend, Ohio. Horse-drawn barge on canal and steamboat on river. Symmes and Washington Aves, North Bend, OH 45052. Harrison Symmes Memorial Foundation, 110 Spring St, Cleves, OH 45002.
	Jacksons_America02 Gen. Winfield Scott (c. 1855?). Location unknown. In R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 300.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions31 "William Henry Harrison, the Farmer of North Bend," Ohio; campaign poster for "Harrisonian Rally: Keep the Ball rolling," 1840. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-7565.
	Jacksons_America18 "Some account of some of the bloody deeds of General Jackson," 1828, handbill, woodcut. One of the well-known "coffin handbills" originated by Republican editor John Binns in his campaign against presidential candidate Andrew Jackson. The six coffins across the top represent six militiamen executed under Jackson's orders during the Creek War in 1813. Other coffins represent soldiers and Indians allegedly condemned and executed by Jackson. The broadside's text is a catalog of these and similar atrocities attributed to the candidate. A woodcut scene at lower right portrays Jackson assaulting and stabbing Samuel Jackson "in the streets of Nashville." Another version of the handbill, reproduced by Lorant, has the same text but substitutes a reversed copy of the cut at lower right. New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024. In Roger Butterfield, "The American Past: A History of the United States," (Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020) 1947, p. 79. Similar image in Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-43901.
	Westward_Exp Cartoon, "Questioning a candidate." Gen. Zachary Taylor, candidate for US President, refuses to answer questions, 1848. Print. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-1967.
	Becoming_Americans Group portrait of Piegan Blackfoot chiefs of Montana visiting Carlisle, PA, 1892, to protect their rights on their reservation (in what is now Glacier National Park) from invasion by white gold-seekers. Top row, left to right: Running Crane, White Grass, Tail Feather, Coming Over the Hill, and Young Bear Chief; bottom row: Four Horses, Little Dog, White Calf. Copyright © 1995-2007 Denver Public Library, Western History Collection, 10 W 14th Ave Pkwy, Denver, CO 80204. J. N. Choate, photographer, X-32151. All rights reserved. Also, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In William E. Farr, "The Reservation Blackfeet, 1882-1945: A Photographic History of Cultural Survival," (Univ. of Washington Press, PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145-5096) 1984, p. 37.
	Becoming_Americans "Wi-jún-jon, Pigeon's Egg Head (The Light) Going to and Returning from Washington," 1837–39, depicting assimilation of First Nations peoples. Assiniboine/Nakoda. George Catlin, oil. Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Gift of Mrs. Joseph Harrison, Jr. 1985.66.474.
	Civil_War_Box_1_of_225 Cartoon, Cotton bales: "Our best harbor defences - cotton bales...'Now come and take 'em as per invoice.'" 1862. Southern victory in the Civil War counted on British help, which was sparsely forthcoming. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, January 25, 1862, p. 1.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions33 Harrison parade, Philadelphia. A Whig parade and rally for William Henry Harrison during the Van Buren-Harrison election of 1840. Whig Party headquarters, Philadelphia, portrays Harrison as a man of the people, born in a log cabin; he was in fact an aristocrat of the Virginia planter class. "In most cities the rich men were solidly Whig--85-90% of the men worth over $100,000 in Boston and New York City voted Whig. In rural America, the Whigs were stronger in market towns and commercial areas, and the Democrats stronger on the frontier and in more isolated areas. Ethnic and religious communities usually went the same way, with Irish and German Catholics heavily Democratic, and pietistic Protestants more Whiggish." - VBXML Information and Learning Resource. Location unknown. In Roger Butterfield, "The American Past: A History of the United States," (Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020) 1947, p. 105.
	Becoming_Americans Joe Kipp, the "merchant prince of the Upper Missouri River," who traded guns, ammunition and alcohol, among other items, to the Blackfeet. 1880s? University of Montana Archives photo, Mansfield Library, The University of Montana-Missoula, 32 Campus Dr, Missoula, MT 59812-9936. In William E. Farr, "The Reservation Blackfeet, 1882-1945: A Photographic History of Cultural Survival," (Univ. of Washington Press, PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145-5096) 1984, p. 27.
	Becoming_Americans "Piegan [Blackfeet] braves at Big Badger Creek Agency, c. 1886/7. The Piegan numbered some two thousand in 1889 and to a degree the starvation winter of 1883 had been overcome - they now had food, blankets and clothing..." - William E. Farr. A.B. Coe photo. Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In William E. Farr, "The Reservation Blackfeet, 1882-1945: A Photographic History of Cultural Survival," (Univ. of Washington Press, PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145-5096) 1984, p. 18.
	From_Revolution_to_Constitution15 Men fight over taxes during Shays' Rebellion, 1787, Springfield, MA. E. Benjamin Andrews, "History of the United States from the Earliest Discovery of America to the Present Day," vol. II, (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1895).
	Jacksons_America34 John Ross, a Cherokee, elected principal chief in every Cherokee election, 1828-60. Lithograph, c. 1843. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-3156.
	Federalists_and_Unity13 "Washington Reviewing the Western Army at Fort Cumberland, Maryland," before their march to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion in western Pennsylvania, c. 1795. Unknown artist, attributed to Frederick Kemmelmeyer; oil on canvas. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10028-0198. Gift of Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch, 1963 (63.201.2). http://www.metmuseum.org.
	Crisis_of_the_1850s12 Map: The Election of 1860. ASK Copyright © R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 506. All rights reserved.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions01 Map: The National, or Cumberland, Road, from St. Louis to New York; began construction in 1811. Robert Bruce, "The National Road," (Washington, DC, 1916), p. 112.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions32 Cartoon, "Keep the Ball Rolling." Rally for William Henry Harrison, the Whig candidate running against the incumbent, Democratic President Martin Van Buren, 1840 US presidential campaign. As an election stunt, the Whigs rolled this ball across the entire state of Ohio. Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012.
	Federalists_and_Unity12 Anti-tax frontiersmen tar and feather a whiskey excise tax collector during the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania, 1794. Engraving. Kean Collection, Hulton Archive, Getty Images, 601 North 34th St, Seattle, WA 98103.
	Becoming_Americans John Monroe, a mixed-blood cattle rancher, c. 1905; and Charley Chouquette, a white fur trapper who married a Blackfeet woman, moved to the Blackfeet Reservation in Montana and raised cattle. Thomas Magee photo. Courtesy of the Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. In William E. Farr, "The Reservation Blackfeet, 1882-1945: A Photographic History of Cultural Survival," (Univ. of Washington Press, PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145-5096) 1984, p. 26.
	Jacksons_America05 The Cherokee Nation published the first Native American newspaper, "The Cherokee Phoenix," still published today. Elias Boudinot, its first editor, printed this first issue in 1828 in New Echota, Georgia. The US government forcibly removed the Cherokee on the "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma ten years later. The Cherokee Phoenix, Feb. 21, 1828. National Museum of American History, Behring Center, Smithsonian Institution, PO Box 37012, SI Building, Room 153, MRC 010, Washington, DC 20013-7012. Copy at: http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/exhibition.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions36 Song sheet: "General Harrison's log cabin march & quick step," 1840; Whig campaign sheet, Baltimore, MD. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-4551.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions38 Map: The Election of 1840 between the Democrat Martin Van Buren and the Whig William Henry Harrison. ASK Copyright © R. Jackson Wilson, et al., "The Pursuit of Liberty: A History of the American People," (Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458) 1996, vol. 1, p. 374. All rights reserved.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions35 Whig campaign song for William Henry Harrison, "A Drop of Hard Cider or The Tippecanoe Roarer," New York, 1840. Cincinnati Historical Society, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203-1138.
	Federalists_and_Unity23 "Plan of an American new cleared farm," at river's edge, (New Brunswick?)," shows house, barns, fences, birch canoes, Native Americans paddling canoes with a Native American mother and baby, a European and dogs, 1793. Engraving. Patrick Campbell, "Travels in the interior inhabited parts of North America in the years 1791 and 1792...", Courtesy of Library and Archives Canada, 395 Wellington St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0N4, CANADA. McIntyre/C-001529. Our thanks to the Library and Archives Canada. Original in Granger Collection, New York. Also, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZ62-2766.
	Jeffersons_Republic07 "Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap," 1851-52. George Caleb Bingham, oil on canvas. Copyright © Washington University Gallery of Art, One Brookings Dr, St. Louis, MO 63130. Gift of Nathaniel Phillips, 1890. WU 2171. All rights reserved.
	Towards_Revolution22 Map: Frontier Expansion, 1760s. ASK Copyright © Bernard Bailyn, et al., "The Great Republic: A History of the American People," 2nd ed., vol. I, (DC Heath, 125 Spring St, Lexington, MA 02173) 1981, p. 177. All rights reserved.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions34 A campaign cartoon for William Henry Harrison and John Tyler in the presidential election of 1840; new political tactics are large rallies, slogans and banners; etching. Cincinnati Historical Society, 1301 Western Ave, Cincinnati, OH 45203.
	Transformations_and_Revolutions39 "Hard Cider and Log Cabin Almanac for 1841," produced by the Whig party on behalf of Harrison and Tyler in their campaign against the Democratic presidential candidate, Martin Van Buren. New York State Library, Manuscripts and Special Collections, Cultural Education Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12230.
	Becoming_Americans "Agency employees at Old Agency [MT], 1891....Hired to help the Blackfeet move into a new and changing world, [these white men] tried half-heartedly to teach the Blackfeet to farm, to use machinery, to manage English and numbers." US Army Lieutenant John Beacom photo. Southwest Museum of the American Indian, 234 Museum Dr, Los Angeles, CA 90065. Copyright © William E. Farr, "The Reservation Blackfeet, 1882-1945: A Photographic History of Cultural Survival," (Univ. of Washington Press, PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145-5096) 1984, p. 17. All rights reserved.
	Becoming_Americans Delegation of Piegan Blackfeet to Washington, DC, 1891. The US government needed to consult with this tribal council, given their complex relationship and the large size of the reservation. Smithsonian Institution photo. Copyright © William E. Farr, "The Reservation Blackfeet, 1882-1945: A Photographic History of Cultural Survival," (Univ. of Washington Press, PO Box 50096, Seattle, WA 98145-5096) 1984, p. 63. All rights reserved.
	Jacksons_America13 Map: Growth of the United States to 1799. ASK Copyright © Paul Boyer, et al., "Enduring Vision: A History of the American People," v. 1, (Lexington, MA, DC Heath & Co., c. 1995) p. 236. All rights reserved.

November 23, 2009

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