 | Pictographs at Keet Seel Ruin, Navajo National Monument, Tonalea, AZ Copyright Bob Bradshaw, Sr., c/o John Bradshaw, 252 N. Hwy. 89-A, Sedona, AZ 86336. All rights reserved. In Bob Bradshaw, "Land of the Navajo: Monument Valley and Canyon de Chelly," 1965 |
 | Sawmill, reproduction, 1984, Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Old Sturbridge Village, MA. Karen Halttunen photo |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "Fur Traders Descending the Missouri," 1845, detail, oil on canvas; 29 x 36 1/2 in. (73.7 x 92.7 cm)
American Art Union. Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1000 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10028-0198. Morris K. Jesup Fund, 1933 (33.61). http://metmus.org. |
 | Thomas Moran, "The Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone," 1872, oil on canvas mounted on aluminum
84 x 144 1/4 in. (213.0 x 266.3 cm.) Frame: 111 x 170 in.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, MRC 970, PO Box 37012, Washington DC 20013-7012. Lent by the Department of the Interior Museum, 1849 C Street, NW (MS 2266), Washington, DC 20240. L.1968.84.1 |
 | Stephen W. Harley, "Upper Reach of the Wind River," Washington, 1927, oil on canvas; 20 x 33 3/8 in. unframed Courtesy of The Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, P.O. Box 1776, Williamsburg, VA 23187-1776. 1957.102.3. All rights reserved. Our thanks to The Museum. |
 | Yavapai Point Sunrise Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Canyon and Clouds Photographer and location unknown |
 | View West from Powell Memorial Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Sunrise, Mohave Point Copyright holder unknown. The Panorama Color Slide Co. |
 | Thomas Moran, "The Chasm of the Colorado," 1873-4, oil on canvas, 84 3/8 x 144 3/4 in. (214.3 x 367.7 cm).
On loan to Smithsonian American Art Museum, 8th & G Streets, N.W., Washington, District of Columbia 20560. Accession Number: L.1968.84.2. Lent by United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, District of Columbia. |
 | Charles Deas, "The Voyageurs," 1846, oil on canvas, 33.02 x 51.43 cm (13 x 20 1/4 in.) Copyright Museum of Fine Arts, 465 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115-5523. Gift of Maxim Karolik for the M. and M. Karolik Collection of American Paintings, 1815-1865. Accession No. 46.855. All rights reserved. |
 | "A Midnight Race on the Mississippi," 1866. Currier & Ives. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Walton Rawls, The Great Book of Currier and Ives' America, 1979, p. 222. 8.8.4 |
 | "The Champions of the Mississippi - A Race for the Buckhorns." Steamboats at night on the Mississippi, with fires on shore. 1866. Currier and Ives. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Walton Rawls, The Great Book of Currier and Ives America, 1979, p. 216. 8.8.4 |
 | "A Night on the Hudson - Through at Daylight," 1864. Currier and Ives. Location unknown. In Walton Rawls, The Great Book of Currier and Ives, 1979, p. 101. 8.8.4 |
 | "'Rounding a Bend' on the Mississippi: The Parting Salute," 1866. Currier and Ives. Courtesy of The Museum of the City of New York, 1220 Fifth Ave. at 103rd St., New York, NY 10029. Our thanks to the Museum. In Walton Rawls, The Great Book of Currier and Ives' America, pp. 102-03. 8.8.4 |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "Raftsmen Playing Cards," 1851. Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, Forest Park, 1 Fine Arts Dr., St. Louis, MO 63110. Bequest of Ezra H. Linley by exchange. 50:1934. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. 8.8.4 |
 | George Caleb Bingham, "Jolly Flatboatmen, No. 2," also known as "Jolly Flatboatmen in Port," 1857. Courtesy of The St. Louis Art Museum, Forest Park, 1 Fine Arts Dr., St. Louis, MO 63110. Museum Purchase. 123: 1944. All rights reserved. Our thanks to the Museum. 8.8.4 |
 | Leon Pomarede, "View of Early St. Louis," 1832. A thriving port, jammed with river traffic. Copyright holder unknown. Private collection. Ziern-Hanon Galleries, 10333 Clayton Rd., St. Louis, MO 63131. In "The Life History of the U.S.," Vol. 3, The Growing Years, Time-Life Books, 1974, p. 167. 8.8.4 |
 | In 1817 the first steamboat docked at St. Louis and by 1859, when this lithograph was made, hundreds of them stopped at the busy port. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC4-3168. In "St. Louis," American Heritage, Oct. 1957, pp. 24-25. 8.8.4 |
 | Smoke-belching steamboats made the Pittsburgh of 1849 a river metropolis. The "Gateway to the West" was a vital link between overland routes and western rivers. Stokes Collection. Courtesy of The New York Public Library, 1211 Ave. of the Americas, New York, NY 10036. Our thanks to the NYPL. In Richard M. Ketchum, "The Pioneer Spirit," American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1959, pp. 142-3. 8.8.4, 8.12.7 |
 | Leon Pomarede, "View of Early St. Louis," 1832. Steamboats put in to the lively port. Copyright holder unknown. The St. Louis Art Museum, Forest Park, 1 Fine Arts Dr., St. Louis, MO 63110. In "The Life History of the U.S.," Vol. 3, The Growing Years, Time-Life Books, 1974, p. 167. 8.8.4 |
 | Frances F. Palmer, "A Midnight Race on the Mississippi," color lithograph, 1860. After a sketch by H.D. Manning. Currier & Ives. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC 20540. LC-USZC2-3440. 8.8.4 |
 | Frances F. Palmer, "Rounding a Bend on the Mississippi," lithograph, 1866. The steamboat is used as a symbol of travel and adventure, a dimension of the human spirit. Currier & Ives. Only personal and educational non-commercial uses are permitted. The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 233 Post St., 6th Fl., San Francisco, CA 94108. Gift of Joseph Martin Jr. Our thanks to the Museum. In Umberto Eco, "The Picture History of Inventions," 1963, p. 203. 8.8.4 |
 | America_in_1492.
Native Americans with bull boats and paddles on the upper Missouri River, 1851. Sketch by Swiss artist Rudolf F. Kurz. "Journal of Rudolph Friederich Kurz; an account of his experiences among fur traders and American Indians on the Mississippi and the upper Missouri rivers 1846-52"; trans. by Myrtis Jarrell, ed. by J. N. B. Hewitt, 1937. In Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., ed., "America in 1492," (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Knopf Domestic Rights, 299 Park Ave, 3rd Fl, New York, NY 10171) 1992, p. 93. Newberry Library, 60 W. Walton St, Chicago, IL 60610. |
 | America_in_149201.
Flathead or Chinook woman, a Columbia River Native mother, flattening the head of her baby with a cradleboard, 1860. John Townsend described the procedure in 1835: "It is even considered among them a degradation to possess a round head, and one whose caput has happened to be neglected in his infancy can never become even a subordinate chief in his tribe, and is treated with indifference and disdain, as one who is unworthy of a place amongst them. The flattening of the head is practiced by at least ten or twelve distinct tribes of the lower country, the Klikatats, Kalapooyahs, and Multnomahs, of the Willamette, and its vicinity; the Chinooks, Klatsaps, Klatstonis, Kowalitsks, Katlammets, Killemooks, and Chekalis of the lower Columbia and its tributaries, and probably by others both north and south. The tribe called Flatheads, or Salish, who reside near the sources of the Oregon, have long since abolished this custom. The mode by which the flattening is effected varies considerably with the different tribes. The Willamette Indians place the infant, soon after birth, upon a board, to the edges of which are attached little loops of hempen cord or leather, and other similar cords are passed across and back in a zigzag manner through these loops, enclosing the child and binding it firmly down. To the upper edge of this board, in which is a depression to receive the back part of the head, another smaller one is attached by hinges of leather and made to lie obliquely upon the forehead, the force of the pressure being regulated by several strings attached to its edge, which are passed through holes in the board upon which the infant is lying, and secured there." E. Demenech. University of Washington Library, Box 352900, Seattle, WA 98195-2900. Our thanks to Patricia Kohnen for this information and for her website: At The End of The Trail: Clackamas County Oregon, American Local History Network, www.usgennet.org. Image at: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/or/county/clackamas/clackamas.html. Also in Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., ed., "America in 1492," (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., Knopf Domestic Rights, 299 Park Ave, 3rd Fl, New York, NY 10171) 1992, p. 73. |
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